Predicting how populations will respond to ocean change across generations is critical to effective conservation of marine species. One emerging factor is the influence of parental exposures on offspring phenotype, known as intergenerational carryover effects. Parental exposure may deliver beneficial or detrimental characteristics to offspring that can influence larval recruitment patterns, thus shaping how populations and community structure respond to ocean change. Impacts of adult exposure to elevated winter temperature and pCO2 on reproduction and offspring viability were examined in the Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida) using three populations of adult, hatchery-reared O. lurida, plus an additional cohort spawned from one of the populations. Oysters were sequentially exposed to elevated temperature (+4°C, at 10°C), followed by elevated pCO2 (+2,204 μatm, at 3,045 μatm) during winter months. Male gametes were more developed after elevated temperature exposure and less developed after high pCO2 exposure, but there was no impact on female gametes or sex ratios. Oysters previously exposed to elevated winter temperature released larvae earlier, regardless of pCO2 exposure. Those exposed to elevated winter temperature as a sole treatment released more larvae on a daily basis but, when also exposed to high pCO2 , there was no effect. These combined results indicate that elevated winter temperature accelerates O. lurida spermatogenesis, resulting in earlier larval release and increased production, with elevated pCO2 exposure negating effects of elevated temperature. Altered recruitment patterns may therefore follow warmer winters due to precocious spawning, but these effects may be masked by coincidental high pCO2 . Offspring were reared in common conditions for 1 yr, then deployed for 3 months in four estuarine bays with distinct environmental conditions. Offspring of parents exposed to elevated pCO2 had higher survival rates in two of the four bays. This carryover effect demonstrates that parental conditions can have substantial ecologically relevant impacts that should be considered when predicting impacts of environmental change. Furthermore, Olympia oysters may be more resilient in certain environments when progenitors are pre-conditioned in stressful conditions. Combined with other recent studies, our work suggests that the Olympia may be more equipped than other oysters for the challenge of a changing ocean.

中文翻译：

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温度和pCO2在多个奥林匹亚牡蛎种群上的残留效应。

预测种群将如何世代相传，对有效保护海洋物种至关重要。一个新兴的因素是父母暴露对后代表型的影响，称为代际结转效应。父母接触可能给后代带来有益或有害的特征，从而影响幼体的募集​​方式，从而影响种群和群落结构对海洋变化的反应。在奥林匹亚牡蛎（Ostrea lurida）中，使用三个成年孵化场饲养的O. lurida成年种群，以及其中一个种群产生的其他同类种群，研究了成年暴露于冬季高温和pCO2对繁殖和后代生存力的影响。将牡蛎依次暴露于高温（+ 4°C，在10°C）下，然后暴露于较高的pCO2（+2，冬季时为204μatm，在3045μatm处）。高温暴露后，雄配子更发达，而高pCO2暴露后，雄配子不发育，但对雌配子或性别比没有影响。以前暴露于冬季高温的牡蛎较早释放了幼虫，而与pCO2暴露无关。那些暴露于升高的冬季温度作为唯一治疗的动物每天释放出更多的幼虫，但是当也暴露于高pCO2的情况下，则没有任何作用。这些综合结果表明，升高的冬季温度加速了芦苇O. lurida的精子发生，导致较早的幼体释放和增加的产量，而升高的pCO2暴露则抵消了升高的温度的影响。因此，由于早熟产卵，招募方式可能会随着冬天变暖而变化，但是这些影响可能被巧合的高pCO2所掩盖。将后代在普通条件下饲养一年，然后在四个环境条件不同的河口海湾中放置三个月。暴露于较高pCO2的父母的后代在四个海湾中的两个海湾中具有较高的存活率。这种遗留效应表明，父母的状况可能具有重大的生态相关影响，在预测环境变化的影响时应考虑这些影响。此外，当祖先在压力条件下进行预处理时，奥林匹亚牡蛎在某些环境中可能更具弹性。结合其他最近的研究，我们的工作表明，奥林匹亚可能比其他牡蛎更有能力应对不断变化的海洋。然后在环境条件不同的四个河口海湾部署了3个月。暴露于较高pCO2的父母的后代在四个海湾中的两个海湾中具有较高的存活率。这种遗留效应表明，父母的状况可能具有重大的生态相关影响，在预测环境变化的影响时应考虑这些影响。此外，当祖先在压力条件下进行预处理时，奥林匹亚牡蛎在某些环境中可能更具弹性。结合其他最近的研究，我们的工作表明，奥林匹亚可能比其他牡蛎更有能力应对不断变化的海洋。然后在环境条件不同的四个河口海湾部署了3个月。暴露于较高pCO2的父母的后代在四个海湾中的两个海湾中具有较高的存活率。这种遗留效应表明，父母的状况可能具有重大的生态相关影响，在预测环境变化的影响时应考虑这些影响。此外，当祖先在压力条件下进行预处理时，奥林匹亚牡蛎在某些环境中可能更具弹性。结合其他最近的研究，我们的工作表明，奥林匹亚可能比其他牡蛎更有能力应对不断变化的海洋。这种遗留效应表明，父母的状况可能具有重大的生态相关影响，在预测环境变化的影响时应考虑这些影响。此外，当祖先在压力条件下进行预处理时，奥林匹亚牡蛎在某些环境中可能更具弹性。结合其他最近的研究，我们的工作表明，奥林匹亚可能比其他牡蛎更有能力应对不断变化的海洋。这种遗留效应表明，父母的状况可能具有重大的生态相关影响，在预测环境变化的影响时应考虑这些影响。此外，当祖先在压力条件下进行预处理时，奥林匹亚牡蛎在某些环境中可能更具弹性。结合其他最近的研究，我们的工作表明，奥林匹亚可能比其他牡蛎更有能力应对不断变化的海洋。