Abstract Grazing plays an important role in milk production in most regions of the world. In this review, some challenges to the grazing cow are discussed together with opportunities for future improvement. We focus on daily feed intake, efficiency of pasture utilization, output of milk per head, environmental impact of grazing and the nutritional quality to humans of milk produced from dairy cows in contrasting production systems. Challenges are discussed in the context of a trend towards increased size of individual herds and include limited and variable levels of daily herbage consumption, lower levels of milk output per cow, excessive excretion of nitrogenous compounds and requirements for minimal periods of grazing regardless of production system. A major challenge is to engage more farmers in making appropriate adjustments to their grazing management. In relation to product quality, the main challenge is to demonstrate enhanced nutritional/processing benefits of milk from grazed cows. Opportunities include more accurate diet formulations, supplementation of grazed pasture to match macro‐ and micronutrient supply with animal requirement and plant breeding. The application of robotics and artificial intelligence to pasture management will assist in matching daily supply to animal requirement. Wider consumer recognition of the perceived enhanced nutritional value of milk from grazed cows, together with greater appreciation of the animal health, welfare and behavioural benefits of grazing should contribute to the future sustainability of demand for milk from dairy cows on pasture.

中文翻译：

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在温带牧场放牧奶牛的一些挑战和机遇


摘要 放牧在世界大多数地区的牛奶生产中发挥着重要作用。在这篇综述中，讨论了放牧奶牛面临的一些挑战以及未来改进的机会。我们重点关注每日采食量、牧场利用效率、人均牛奶产量、放牧对环境的影响以及对比生产系统中奶牛生产的牛奶对人类的营养质量。在单个牛群规模不断扩大的趋势背景下讨论了挑战，包括每日牧草消耗水平有限且可变、每头奶牛产奶量较低、含氮化合物排泄过多以及无论生产系统如何，都需要最短的放牧时间。一个主要挑战是让更多农民对其放牧管理做出适当调整。在产品质量方面，主要挑战是证明放牧奶牛的牛奶具有增强的营养/加工效益。机会包括更准确的饮食配方、补充放牧牧草以使大量和微量营养素供应与动物需求和植物育种相匹配。机器人和人工智能在牧场管理中的应用将有助于将日常供应与动物需求相匹配。消费者更广泛地认识到放牧奶牛的牛奶营养价值更高，加上对放牧对动物健康、福利和行为益处的更多认识，应有助于未来对牧场奶牛牛奶需求的可持续性。