Abstract Multi-habitat restoration should be considered for conservation of habitat-types that are ecologically-related and regularly co-occur. Multi-habitat restoration has been used to a limited extent for marine habitats including oysters, mangroves and seagrass. Recent increases in research and understanding of shellfish-reefs and boulder/cobble-reefs means they should likewise be considered for integrated restoration. Importantly, boulders have recently been used as the foundation for several large-scale oyster-reef restorations. These would benefit from improved recognition that multiple distinct habitat-types are involved each associated with distinct knowledge pools. These habitat-types mostly have similar restoration objectives, they often co-occur pre-disturbance, and they share varied taxa. These linkages mean that opportunities may be missed if restorations are only considered separately in contexts where an integrated approach is feasible; restoration of one habitat may benefit from concurrent restoration of the other and the sum of benefits from integration may outweigh the sum from restorations done separately. Here, I discuss concepts concerning five potential synergies: 1) boulders provide natural hard-substrata that initiates shellfish recruitment, 2) boulders produce beneficial hydrological heterogeneity, increasing recruitment of some shellfish species, 3) shellfish generate self-sustaining supplies of novel hard-substrata habitat used by boulder/cobble species thus expanding the original restoration site footprint, 4) large shellfish populations strengthen valuable ecological functions in boulder habitats, and 5) boulders and shells together increase overall diversity of available hard-substrata types, and thus of associated specialist species. Not only restoration outcomes, but also objectives and planning can be improved by integrating knowledge from both habitat-types to encompass these five synergies.

中文翻译：

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多生境恢复的一个例子：贝类-礁和巨石-礁合并恢复效益的概念评估

摘要 多栖息地恢复应考虑保护与生态相关且经常同时发生的栖息地类型。多栖息地恢复已在有限的范围内用于海洋栖息地，包括牡蛎、红树林和海草。最近对贝类珊瑚礁和巨石/鹅卵石珊瑚礁的研究和了解的增加意味着它们同样应该被考虑进行综合恢复。重要的是，巨石最近被用作几个大型牡蛎礁修复的基础。这些将受益于改进的认识，即涉及多个不同的栖息地类型，每个栖息地类型都与不同的知识库相关。这些栖息地类型大多具有相似的恢复目标，它们通常在干扰前共同发生，并且它们共享不同的分类群。这些联系意味着如果仅在综合方法可行的情况下单独考虑恢复，则可能会错失机会；一个栖息地的恢复可能受益于另一个栖息地的同时恢复，整合的收益总和可能超过单独恢复的总和。在这里，我讨论了有关五个潜在协同作用的概念：1) 巨石提供了启动贝类补充的天然硬质基质，2) 巨石产生了有益的水文异质性，增加了一些贝类物种的补充，3) 贝类产生了自给自足的新型硬质供应巨石/鹅卵石物种使用的基质栖息地，从而扩大了原始恢复场地的足迹，4) 大量贝类种群加强了巨石栖息地的宝贵生态功能，5) 巨石和贝壳一起增加了可用硬质基质类型的整体多样性，从而增加了相关专业物种的多样性。通过整合来自两种栖息地类型的知识以包含这五个协同作用，不仅可以改善恢复结果，还可以改善目标和规划。