The 2015 Gorkha Earthquake was a humanitarian disaster but also a cultural catastrophe that damaged and destroyed historic monuments across Nepal, including those within the Kathmandu Valley UNESCO World Heritage Property. In the rush to rebuild, traditionally constructed foundations are being removed and replaced with modern materials without assessments of whether these contributed to the collapse of a monument. Generally undertaken without scientific recording, these interventions have led to the irreversible destruction of earlier subsurface phases of cultural activity and the potential loss of evidence for successful traditional seismic adaptations and risk reduction strategies, with no research into whether modern materials, such as concrete and steel, would offer enhanced resilience. In response to this context, multidisciplinary post-disaster investigations were undertaken between 2015 and 2018, including archaeological excavation, geophysical survey, geoarchaeological analysis, linked to architectural and engineering studies, to begin to evaluate and assess the damage to, and seismic adaptations of, historic structures within Nepal’s Kathmandu Valley. Where possible, we draw on archaeoseismological approaches for the identification and classification of Earthquake Archaeological Effects (EAEs) at selected monuments damaged by the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake. Lessons learned from evidence of potential weaknesses, as well as historic ‘risk-sensitive tactics’ of hazard reduction within monuments, are now being incorporated into reconstruction and rehabilitation initiatives alongside the development of methods for the protection of heritage in the face of future earthquakes.

中文翻译：

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识别当代灾难场景下过去地震的考古证据：2015年戈尔卡地震和加德满都谷地内过去地震事件造成的破坏，复原力和降低风险的案例研究（联合国教科文组织世界遗产）（尼泊尔）

2015年的戈尔卡地震是一场人道主义灾难，也是一场文化大灾难，破坏并摧毁了尼泊尔全国范围内的历史古迹，包括加德满都山谷被联合国教科文组织列为世界遗产的古迹。在急于重建的过程中，传统建筑的地基被拆除，取而代之的是现代材料，而没有评估这些基础是否造成了纪念碑的倒塌。通常在没有科学记录的情况下进行这些干预，导致文化活动的早期地下阶段不可逆转地破坏，并且成功进行传统地震适应和降低风险战略的证据可能丢失，而没有研究是否使用现代材料（例如混凝土和钢铁） ，将提供增强的弹性。针对这种情况，2015年至2018年之间进行了多学科的灾后调查，包括考古发掘，地球物理调查，地球考古分析以及建筑和工程研究，以开始评估和评估尼泊尔加德满都谷地历史建筑的破坏和地震适应性。在可能的情况下，我们采用考古地震学方法来识别和分类受2015年戈尔卡地震损坏的特定古迹的地震考古学影响（EAE）。从潜在弱点证据以及纪念碑内减少危害的历史性“风险敏感策略”中汲取的经验教训，