Coastal areas epitomize the notion of ‘at-risk’ territory in the context of climate change and sea level rise (SLR). Knowledge of the water level changes at the coast resulting from the mean sea level variability, tide, atmospheric surge and wave setup is critical for coastal flooding assessment. This study investigates how coastal water level can be altered by interactions between SLR, tides, storm surges, waves and flooding. The main mechanisms of interaction are identified, mainly by analyzing the shallow water equations. Based on a literature review, the orders of magnitude of these interactions are estimated in different environments. The investigated interactions exhibit a strong spatiotemporal variability. Depending on the type of environments (e.g., morphology, hydrometeorological context), they can reach several tens of centimeters (positive or negative). As a consequence, probabilistic projections of future coastal water levels and flooding should identify whether interaction processes are of leading order, and, where appropriate, projections should account for these interactions through modeling or statistical methods.

中文翻译：

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平均海平面、潮汐、浪涌、波浪和洪水之间的相互作用：海岸海平面变化的机制和贡献

在气候变化和海平面上升 (SLR) 的背景下，沿海地区体现了“危险”领土的概念。了解由平均海平面变化、潮汐、大气浪涌和波浪设置引起的海岸水位变化对于沿海洪水评估至关重要。这项研究调查了 SLR、潮汐、风暴潮、海浪和洪水之间的相互作用如何改变沿海水位。主要通过分析浅水方程确定了相互作用的主要机制。根据文献综述，这些相互作用的数量级是在不同环境中估计的。研究的相互作用表现出强烈的时空变异性。根据环境类型（例如，形态、水文气象背景），它们可以达到几十厘米（正或负）。因此，未来沿海水位和洪水的概率预测应确定相互作用过程是否处于领先地位，并且在适当的情况下，预测应通过建模或统计方法考虑这些相互作用。