Genetic variability of invasive pests informs us of fundamental aspects of the invasion, which help leverage limited resources for more efficient pest management. This is particularly important for managing species with invasive populations fueled by recurrent introductions. We present the first phylogeographic study of the velvet longhorned beetle (Trichoferus campestris [Faldermann]), a highly polyphagous wood-boring insect native to Asia. It attacks many ecologically and economically important tree species and has repeatedly invaded Europe and North America in recent decades. Despite the apparent threat posed by this pest, little work has been attempted to characterize genetic variability of T. campestris. One hurdle is the lack of genetic data beyond the “universal” COI barcode. Here we designed primer sequences to amplify five additional mitochondrial protein-coding genes for T. campestris (COII, COIII, Cytb, ND2, and ND4). We included specimens collected from domestic locations in the Unites States (U.S.) as well as samples intercepted in solid wood packaging material (WPM) at U.S. ports of entry. Phylogenetic analyses recovered three mitochondrial lineages, all including both domestic collections and port-interceptions. Our results demonstrated high levels of haplotype diversity among invasive populations of T. campestris. Specimens collected from the same geographical vicinity can be placed into different lineages. Species delimitation analyses further suggest presence of multiple molecular operational taxonomic units, which could complicate regulatory policies. We evaluated mechanisms that underlie the increasing number of T. campestris individuals and populations detected in the U.S. Results support the hypothesis of independent introductions through WPM, but are inconsistent with secondary invasions through the bridgehead effect.

中文翻译：

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以高水平的遗传多样性和轮回引种为特征的Trichoferus campestris（Coleoptera：Cerambycidae）入侵美国

入侵性有害生物的遗传变异性向我们介绍了入侵的基本方面，这有助于利用有限的资源来更有效地进行有害生物管理。这对于管理经常引进的入侵种群的物种尤其重要。我们目前对天鹅绒长角甲虫（Trichoferus campestris [Faldermann]）进行了首次系统地理学研究，这种长角甲虫是一种高度多食性的木钻昆虫，原产于亚洲。它袭击了许多具有生态和经济重要性的树种，并在最近几十年中多次入侵欧洲和北美。尽管这种有害生物构成了明显的威胁，但几乎没有任何工作来描述樟脑锥虫的遗传变异性。。一个障碍是缺乏“通用” COI条码之外的遗传数据。在这里，我们设计的引物序列用于扩增为五个额外线粒体蛋白质编码基因T.油菜（COII，COIII，细胞色素b，ND2，和ND4）。我们包括了从美国（美国）国内地点收集的标本，以及在美国入境口岸用实木包装材料（WPM）截获的样本。系统发育分析回收了三个线粒体谱系，所有谱系都包括国内采集和港口拦截。我们的研究结果表明，喜树（T. campestris）的入侵种群中单倍型多样性较高。从同一地理区域收集的标本可以放入不同的谱系中。物种定界分析进一步表明存在多个分子操作分类单位，这可能会使监管政策复杂化。我们评估了在美国检测到的樟脑锥虫个体和种群数量增加的基础机制。结果支持通过WPM独立引入假说的假设，但与桥头效应造成的二次入侵不一致。