The relationship between individual physiological traits and social behaviour is an important research area because it can examine how mechanisms of behaviour link to functional outcomes. It is hypothesised that correlative and causative links between physiology and individual behaviour may be altered by social interactions. Here, we assess how nutritional stress (20-h starved, 90-h starved) and routine metabolic rate (RMR) determine the movement and foraging behaviour of threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus), both individually and in a social context. Results showed that there was no statistically significant relationship between RMR and behaviour. The nutritional stress treatment had significant opposite effects on voluntary swim speed, dependent on whether fish were assayed asocially (alone) or socially (in shoals of three). Greater nutritional stress caused voluntary swimming speeds to reduce in an asocial context but increase in a social context, although both relationships were not significant. Additional results exploring social behaviour parameters such as the frequency and duration of shoaling interactions suggests that alterations in fish swim speed between the two nutritional stress treatments may be due to competition effects. This study links state-dependent individual behaviour to social foraging performance and reinforces the theory that social context is an important modulator of the relationships between physiology and behaviour.Significance statementRecent research has highlighted that the social environment may shape how physiology and behaviour are linked. This area of research, however, requires data from empirical studies that measure and experimentally manipulate physiological traits of individually identifiable animals and tests them under asocial and social conditions. Using threespine sticklebacks foraging for bloodworms, we show that routine metabolic rate did not have a statistically significant effect on fish locomotion or risk-taking. Greater nutritional deprivation caused fish to decrease their swimming speed when they were alone (likely in an effort to reduce energy expenditure); however, when assayed in groups, competitive forces between shoal mates caused them to swim at faster voluntary speeds. Nutritional stress therefore had a significant socially dependent effect on fish locomotion.

中文翻译：

---

觅食三脊棘鱼（Gasterosteus aculeatus）的冒险和运动：营养压力的影响取决于社会环境

个体生理特征与社会行为之间的关系是一个重要的研究领域，因为它可以研究行为机制如何与功能结果联系起来。假设生理学和个人行为之间的相关和因果联系可能会因社会互动而改变。在这里，我们评估营养压力（饥饿 20 小时，饥饿 90 小时）和常规代谢率 (RMR) 如何决定三刺棘鱼 (Gasterosteus aculeatus) 的运动和觅食行为，无论是在个体还是在社会环境中。结果表明，RMR 和行为之间没有统计学上的显着关系。营养压力治疗对自愿游泳速度有显着相反的影响，这取决于是对鱼进行非社会性（单独）还是社会性（三个鱼群）检测。更大的营养压力导致自愿游泳速度在非社会环境中降低，但在社会环境中增加，尽管这两种关系都不显着。探索社会行为参数（例如浅滩互动的频率和持续时间）的其他结果表明，两种营养应激治疗之间鱼类游泳速度的变化可能是由于竞争效应。这项研究将依赖状态的个体行为与社会觅食表现联系起来，并强化了社会环境是生理和行为之间关系的重要调节器的理论。意义声明最近的研究强调，社会环境可能会影响生理和行为之间的联系。然而，这个研究领域，需要来自实证研究的数据，这些研究测量和实验操纵个体可识别动物的生理特征，并在非社会和社会条件下对其进行测试。使用三刺棘鱼觅食红虫，我们表明常规代谢率对鱼的运动或冒险行为没有统计学意义的影响。更严重的营养缺乏导致鱼在独处时会降低游泳速度（可能是为了减少能量消耗）；然而，当分组进行分析时，浅滩伙伴之间的竞争力使它们以更快的自愿速度游泳。因此，营养压力对鱼类的运动具有显着的社会依赖性影响。使用三刺棘鱼觅食红虫，我们表明常规代谢率对鱼的运动或冒险行为没有统计学意义的影响。更严重的营养缺乏导致鱼在独处时会降低游泳速度（可能是为了减少能量消耗）；然而，当分组进行分析时，浅滩伙伴之间的竞争力使它们以更快的自愿速度游泳。因此，营养压力对鱼类的运动具有显着的社会依赖性影响。使用三刺棘鱼觅食红虫，我们表明常规代谢率对鱼的运动或冒险行为没有统计学意义的影响。更严重的营养缺乏导致鱼在独处时会降低游泳速度（可能是为了减少能量消耗）；然而，当分组进行分析时，浅滩伙伴之间的竞争力使它们以更快的自愿速度游泳。因此，营养压力对鱼类的运动具有显着的社会依赖性影响。然而，当分组进行分析时，浅滩伙伴之间的竞争力使它们以更快的自愿速度游泳。因此，营养压力对鱼类的运动具有显着的社会依赖性影响。然而，当分组进行分析时，浅滩伙伴之间的竞争力使它们以更快的自愿速度游泳。因此，营养压力对鱼类的运动具有显着的社会依赖性影响。