Acyl‐quinic acids (chlorogenic acids) are produced by many plants, including fruits, vegetables, and herbal remedies, with coffee and maté particularly rich dietary sources. Epidemiological and intervention studies suggest that they can reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This review addresses their metabolic handling after oral consumption to provide a mechanistic basis to explain their possible effects on health. Intact acyl‐quinic acids are absorbed only to a small extent in the small intestine, but the cinnamic acids are efficiently absorbed after hydrolysis by either digestive or microbial enzymes in the colon. Metabolism results in phenolic conjugates in the blood and urine, but varying dependent on the acyl‐quinic acid, and subject to significant interperson variability. The balance between hydrogenation and complete β‐oxidation of the cinnamic acids, both by liver and gut microbiota, determines the profile of metabolites. Pharmacokinetic data suggest that some metabolites are bound to human serum albumin and/or sequestered in tissues, and some exhibit biological activity in vitro, consistent with proposed protective action in vivo. Significant gaps in the literature include lack of plasma and urinary data for free‐living individuals, and pharmacokinetic data for groups who consume coffee or maté at regular short intervals. Data are required for cis isomers. There is a critical need for precise urinary biomarkers of consumption of acyl‐quinic acids, accounting for variability in individual metabolism and in beverage composition, thus facilitating better translation of urinary metabolite measurements into accurate coffee consumption data to improve the outcomes of future epidemiological and intervention studies.

中文翻译：

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绿原酸（酰基奎尼酸）在人体中的生物利用度和代谢

酰基奎宁酸（绿原酸）由许多植物产生，包括水果、蔬菜和草药，其中咖啡和马黛茶的膳食来源尤为丰富。流行病学和干预研究表明，它们可以降低患 2 型糖尿病和心血管疾病的风险。这篇综述讨论了它们在口服后的代谢处理，以提供一个机制基础来解释它们对健康的可能影响。完整的酰基奎宁酸在小肠中仅被少量吸收，但肉桂酸在结肠中的消化酶或微生物酶水解后被有效吸收。代谢导致血液和尿液中的酚类共轭物，但因酰基奎尼酸而异，并受到显着的人际变异性。肝脏和肠道微生物群的肉桂酸氢化和完全 β-氧化之间的平衡决定了代谢物的特征。药代动力学数据表明，一些代谢物与人血清白蛋白结合和/或隔离在组织中，一些在体外表现出生物活性，与体内提出的保护作用一致。文献中的重大空白包括缺乏自由生活个体的血浆和尿液数据，以及定期短时间饮用咖啡或马黛茶的群体的药代动力学数据。需要数据 一些在体外表现出生物活性，与体内提出的保护作用一致。文献中的重大空白包括缺乏自由生活个体的血浆和尿液数据，以及定期短时间饮用咖啡或马黛茶的群体的药代动力学数据。需要数据 一些在体外表现出生物活性，与体内提出的保护作用一致。文献中的重大空白包括缺乏自由生活个体的血浆和尿液数据，以及定期短时间饮用咖啡或马黛茶的群体的药代动力学数据。需要数据顺式异构体。迫切需要精确的酰基奎宁酸消耗量尿液生物标志物，以解释个体代谢和饮料成分的变异性，从而促进将尿液代谢物测量结果更好地转化为准确的咖啡消耗量数据，以改善未来流行病学和干预的结果学习。