BACKGROUND Clinical studies have shown the efficacy of combination therapy for various malignancies. In this study, the characteristics, safety and feasibility of use of cascade-primed (CAPRI) cells for the combination treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Sixty-five patients with stage II-IV NSCLC were recruited. Of these patients, 31 patients received CAPRI cell therapy combined with chemotherapy (CAPRI group), and the other 34 patients constituted the control group and received chemotherapy alone. This study primarily aimed to evaluate the overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), short-term responses and treatment efficacy. RESULTS CD83, CD1a, CD80 and CD86 marker levels were significantly upregulated in CAPRI cells. Interferon-γ expression levels were highest in CD3+CD8+ cells (33.77% ± 4.40%). Furthermore, interleukin-2 levels were highest in CD3+CD56+ cells (26.73% ± 6.63%), whereas perforin expression levels were similar in CD3+CD8+ and CD3+CD56+ cells. Furthermore, CAPRI cells had a better anti-tumor potential in CD3+CD56+ cells and displayed the highest expression levels of CD107a to H460 and A549 cell lines. The 5-year OS was significantly greater in the CAPRI group than in the control group (P = 0.008), and the PFS of two groups exhibited a significant difference (P = 0.007). Median OS (48 versus 31.6 months; P = 0.004) and PFS (48 versus 36.4 months; P = 0.016) differed between these two groups. Moreover, treatment-associated toxicities were mild and well-tolerated by patients with NSCLC. CONCLUSION CAPRI cell therapy potentially prolongs the survival of patients with NSCLC when combined with chemotherapy.

中文翻译：

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级联引发细胞输注作为非小细胞肺癌患者同步化疗的辅助免疫疗法的疗效：一项具有 5 年随访的回顾性观察研究

背景临床研究已显示联合疗法对各种恶性肿瘤的功效。在这项研究中，在体外和体内评估了使用级联引发 (CAPRI) 细胞联合治疗非小细胞肺癌 (NSCLC) 的特性、安全性和可行性。方法 招募了 65 名 II-IV 期 NSCLC 患者。其中31例接受CAPRI细胞治疗联合化疗（CAPRI组），其余34例为对照组，仅接受化疗。本研究主要旨在评估总生存期（OS）、无进展生存期（PFS）、短期反应和治疗效果。结果 CD83、CD1a、CD80 和 CD86 标记物水平在 CAPRI 细胞中显着上调。干扰素-γ 表达水平在 CD3+CD8+ 细胞中最高 (33.77% ± 4.40%)。此外，白细胞介素 2 水平在 CD3+CD56+ 细胞中最高（26.73% ± 6.63%），而穿孔素表达水平在 CD3+CD8+ 和 CD3+CD56+ 细胞中相似。此外，CAPRI 细胞在 CD3+CD56+ 细胞中具有更好的抗肿瘤潜力，并且在 H460 和 A549 细胞系中表现出最高的 CD107a 表达水平。CAPRI组5年OS显着高于对照组（P=0.008），两组PFS差异显着（P=0.007）。这两组的中位 OS（48 个月对 31.6 个月；P = 0.004）和 PFS（48 个月对 36.4 个月；P = 0.016）存在差异。此外，非小细胞肺癌患者的治疗相关毒性较轻且耐受性良好。