Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic immune-mediated disease affecting the gastrointestinal tract. IBD consists of 2 subtypes: ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease. IBD is thought to develop as a result of interactions between environmental, microbial, and immune-mediated factors in a genetically susceptible host. Of late, the potential role of the microbiome in the development, progression, and treatment of IBD has been a subject of considerable interest and enquiry. Indeed, studies in human subjects have shown that the gut microbiome is different in patients with IBD compared with that in healthy control subjects. Other evidence in support of a fundamental role for the microbiome in patients with IBD includes identification of mutations in genes involved in microbiome-immune interactions among patients with IBD and epidemiologic observations implicating such microbiota-modulating risk factors as antibiotic use, cigarette smoking, levels of sanitation, and diet in the pathogenesis of IBD. Consequently, there has been much interest in the possible benefits of microbiome-modulating interventions, such as probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and gene manipulation in the treatment of IBD. In this review we will discuss the role of the gut microbiome in patients with IBD; our focus will be on human studies.

中文翻译：

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微生物组和炎症性肠病。

炎症性肠病（IBD）是一种慢性免疫介导的疾病，会影响胃肠道。IBD由2种亚型组成：溃疡性结肠炎和克罗恩病。IBD被认为是由于遗传易感宿主中环境，微生物和免疫介导因素之间相互作用的结果而发展的。近来，微生物组在IBD的发展，进展和治疗中的潜在作用已引起相当大的兴趣和询问。实际上，人类受试者的研究表明，IBD患者的肠道微生物组与健康对照受试者的肠道微生物组不同。其他支持IBD患者中微生物组基本作用的证据包括鉴定IBD患者中与微生物组-免疫相互作用有关的基因突变，以及流行病学观察结果，这些微生物调节风险因素包括抗生素使用，吸烟，卫生和饮食在IBD的发病机理中的作用。因此，人们对调节微生物组的干预措施（如益生菌，益生元，抗生素，粪便微生物群移植和基因操纵）在IBD治疗中的可能益处产生了极大的兴趣。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论肠道微生物组在IBD患者中的作用。我们的重点将放在人类研究上。和饮食在IBD的发病机理中的作用。因此，人们对调节微生物组的干预措施（如益生菌，益生元，抗生素，粪便微生物群移植和基因操纵）在IBD治疗中的可能益处产生了极大的兴趣。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论肠道微生物组在IBD患者中的作用。我们的重点将放在人类研究上。和饮食在IBD的发病机理中的作用。因此，人们对调节微生物组的干预措施（如益生菌，益生元，抗生素，粪便微生物群移植和基因操纵）在IBD治疗中的可能益处产生了极大的兴趣。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论肠道微生物组在IBD患者中的作用。我们的重点将放在人类研究上。