BACKGROUND Exposure to air pollution and high levels of noise have both been independently associated with the development of adverse pregnancy outcomes including low birth weight. However, exposure to such environmental stressors rarely occurs in isolation and is often co-localized, especially in large urban areas. METHODS The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of combined exposure to noise (N) or ozone (O3), compared to either exposure alone. Long-Evans dams were exposed to air or 0.4 ppm ozone for 4 h on gestation day (GD) 5 and 6, coinciding with implantation receptivity. A subset of dams from each exposure group was further exposed to intermittent white noise (~ 85 dB) throughout the dark cycle following each inhalation exposure (n = 14 - 16/group). Uterine artery ultrasound was performed on GD 15 and 21. Fetal growth characteristics and indicators of placental nutrient status were measured at GD 21. RESULTS Exposure to ozone + quiet (O3 + Q) conditions reduced uterine arterial resistance at GD 15 compared to air + quiet (A + Q) exposure, with no further reduction by GD 21. By contrast, exposure to air + noise (A + N) significantly increased uterine arterial resistance at both GD 15 and 21. Notably, while peri-implantation exposure to O3 + Q conditions reduced male fetal weight at GD 21, this effect was not observed in the air + noise (A + N) or the ozone + noise (O3 + N) exposure groups. Fetal weight in female offspring was not reduced by ozone exposure alone (O3 + Q), nor was it affected by air + noise (A + N) or by combined ozone + noise (O3 + N) exposure. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that exposure to ozone and noise differentially impact uterine blood flow, particularly at mid-gestation, with only ozone exposure being associated with sex-dependent fetal growth retardation in male offspring.

中文翻译：

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Long-Evans大鼠植入后暴露于噪音和臭氧下后的胎儿生长结果因性别而异。

背景技术暴露于空气污染和高水平的噪音都已经与不良的妊娠结局的发展相关，包括低出生体重。但是，暴露于这种环境压力因素的情况很少单独发生，并且常常是共同定位的，尤其是在大城市地区。方法本研究的目的是比较与单独暴露相比，两次暴露于噪声（N）或臭氧（O3）中的影响。在妊娠第5天和第6天，Long-Evans大坝暴露于空气或0.4 ppm的臭氧中4小时，这与植入的接受能力相吻合。在每次吸入暴露后的整个黑暗周期中，每个暴露组的水坝子集进一步暴露于间歇性白噪声（〜85 dB）（n = 14-16 /组）。对GD 15和21进行子宫动脉超声检查。在GD 21时测量胎儿的生长特征和胎盘营养状况指标。结果暴露于臭氧+安静（O3 + Q）条件下，与空气+安静（A + Q）暴露相比，在GD 15时子宫动脉阻力降低，且没有进一步降低。 GD 21和GD21。相反，暴露于空气+噪声（A + N）会显着增加GD 15和21的子宫动脉抵抗力。值得注意的是，尽管植入周围暴露于O3 + Q条件会降低GD 21的男性胎儿体重，但这在空气+噪音（A + N）或臭氧+噪音（O3 + N）暴露组中未观察到这种效应。单独暴露于臭氧（O3 + Q）并不能降低雌性后代的胎儿体重，也不受空气+噪声（A + N）或臭氧+噪声（O3 + N）联合暴露的影响。