Diseases where fibrosis plays a major role accounts for enormous morbidity and mortality and yet we have very little in our therapeutic arsenal despite decades of research and clinical trials. Our understanding of fibrosis biology is primarily built on data generated in conventional mono-culture or co-culture systems and in vivo model systems. While these approaches have undoubtedly enhanced our understanding of basic mechanisms, they have repeatedly failed to translate to clinical benefit. Recently, there had been a push to generate more physiologically relevant platforms to study fibrosis and identify new therapeutic targets. Here we review the state-of-the-art regarding the development and application of 3D complex cultures, bio-printing and precision cut slices to study pulmonary, hepatic and renal fibrosis.

中文翻译：

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临床前方法的实施，以研究纤维化和测试抗纤维化疗法。

纤维化在其中起主要作用的疾病导致了巨大的发病率和死亡率，尽管经过数十年的研究和临床试验，但我们的治疗药库却很少。我们对纤维化生物学的理解主要建立在传统的单培养或共培养系统以及体内模型系统中生成的数据上。尽管这些方法无疑增强了我们对基本机制的理解，但它们屡屡未能转化为临床益处。最近，人们一直在推动产生更多与生理相关的平台，以研究纤维化并确定新的治疗靶标。在这里，我们回顾了有关3D复杂文化，生物打印和精确切割切片的开发和应用以研究肺，肝和肾纤维化的最新技术。