Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that have immune responses to various stimuli have been identified in some insects. One type of pathogen‐associated molecular pattern, double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA), can trigger the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway and immune response. Interestingly, there has been no research into characterizing the relationship between lncRNA and dsRNA‐induced RNAi pathways. In this study, dsRNA‐induced lncRNAs were investigated in two species of lepidopteran insects, Helicoverpa armigera and Plutella xylostella, and one species of coleopteran insects, Tribolium castaneum. Between untreated group and dsRNA‐induced group; 3,463 H. armigera, 6,245 P. xylostella, and 3,067 T. castaneum differentially expressed lncRNAs were identified while 156 H. armigera, 247 P. xylostella, 415 T. castaneum lncRNAs and their putative target genes showed consistent changes in gene expression. In T. castaneum, most target genes of the differentially expressed lncRNAs are enriched in the cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling pathway, ABC transporters, and Janus kinase–signal transducers and activators of the transcription signaling pathway. Conversely, in H. armigera and P. xylostella, the differentially expressed lncRNAs were mainly enriched in the metabolic, digestive, and synthetic signaling pathways. This result indicates that dsRNA‐induced lncRNA is species‐dependent. We also found that both Dicer‐2 and the lncRNA that targets Dicer‐2 were significantly upregulated after dsRNA treatment in P. xylostella, indicating that some lncRNAs may be involved in the regulation of the core RNAi pathway in insects. Our results are the first to identify a relationship between lncRNAs and dsRNA in various insect species with different RNAi efficiencies. These results provide a reference for future study of the dsRNA‐induced RNAi pathway and different RNAi efficiencies among insect species.

中文翻译：

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dsRNA诱导的3种昆虫物种中lncRNA的比较分析。

在某些昆虫中，已经鉴定出对各种刺激具有免疫应答的长非编码RNA（lncRNA）。一种与病原体相关的分子模式，即双链RNA（dsRNA），可以触发RNA干扰（RNAi）途径和免疫反应。有趣的是，还没有关于表征lncRNA和dsRNA诱导的RNAi途径之间关系的研究。在这项研究中，dsRNA诱导的lncRNAs在两种鳞翅目昆虫，棉铃虫和小菜蛾和一种鞘翅目昆虫，Tribolium castaneum中进行了研究。在未治疗组和dsRNA诱导组之间; 3,463棉铃虫，6,245 P. xylostella和3,067 T. castaneum差异表达lncRNAs鉴定而156棉铃虫，247小菜蛾，415个赤拟谷盗lncRNAs和它们的推定靶基因显示的基因表达一致的变化。在T. castaneum中，差异表达的lncRNA的大多数靶基因富含环状单磷酸腺苷信号转导通路，ABC转运蛋白和Janus激酶信号转导子以及转录信号转导通路的激活剂。相反，在棉铃虫和小菜蛾中，差异表达的lncRNAs主要在代谢，消化和合成信号途径中富集。该结果表明dsRNA诱导的lncRNA是物种依赖性的。我们还发现Dicer-2和靶向Dicer-2的lncRNA在小菜蛾中均经过dsRNA处理后显着上调，表明某些lncRNA可能参与了昆虫核心RNAi途径的调控。我们的结果首次鉴定了具有不同RNAi效率的各种昆虫物种中lncRNA和dsRNA之间的关系。这些结果为今后研究dsRNA诱导的RNAi途径和昆虫物种之间不同的RNAi效率提供了参考。