Food product-extrinsic sounds (i.e., those auditory stimuli that are not linked directly to a food or beverage product, or its packaging) have been shown to exert a significant influence over various aspects of food perception and consumer behaviour, often operating outside of conscious awareness. In this review, we summarise the latest evidence concerning the various ways in which what we hear can influence what we taste. According to one line of empirical research, background noise interferes with tasting, due to attentional distraction. A separate body of marketing-relevant research demonstrates that music can be used to bias consumers' food perception, judgments, and purchasing/consumption behaviour in various ways. Some of these effects appear to be driven by the arousal elicited by loud music as well as the entrainment of people's behaviour to the musical beat. However, semantic priming effects linked to the type and style of music are also relevant. Another route by which music influences food perception comes from the observation that our liking/preference for the music that we happen to be listening to carries over to influence our hedonic judgments of what we are tasting. A final route by which hearing influences tasting relates to the emerging field of 'sonic seasoning'. A developing body of research now demonstrates that people often rate tasting experiences differently when listening to soundtracks that have been designed to be (or are chosen because they are) congruent with specific flavour experiences (e.g., when compared to when listening to other soundtracks, or else when tasting in silence). Taken together, such results lead to the growing realization that the crossmodal influences of music and noise on food perception and consumer behaviour may have some important if, as yet, unrecognized implications for public health.

中文翻译：

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外在听觉对食物知觉和消费者行为的贡献：跨学科审查。

食品外在声音（即那些与食品或饮料产品或其包装没有直接联系的听觉刺激）已显示出对食品感知和消费者行为各个方面的重要影响，通常在意识之外意识。在这篇评论中，我们总结了有关我们听到的声音可以影响我们的口味的各种方式的最新证据。根据一项实证研究，由于注意力分散，背景噪声会干扰品尝。单独的与营销相关的研究机构表明，音乐可以通过各种方式用于偏向消费者的食品认知，判断和购买/消费行为。其中一些影响似乎是由响亮的音乐引起的唤起以及人们的'带所驱动的。对音乐节拍的行为。但是，与音乐的类型和风格相关的语义启动效果也很重要。音乐影响食物感知的另一条途径来自以下观察：对我们碰巧正在听的音乐的喜好/偏好会继续影响我们对所品尝食物的享乐主义判断。听力影响品味的最终途径与“声波调味”的新兴领域有关。一项不断发展的研究表明，人们在聆听原本设计为（或因其而选择）与特定风味体验（例如与听其他原声时相比）的配乐时，常常会对品尝体验进行不同的评分否则在静默品尝时）。在一起