The better-than-average-effect (BTAE) is the tendency for people to perceive their abilities, attributes, and personality traits as superior compared with their average peer. This article offers a comprehensive review of the BTAE and the first quantitative synthesis of the BTAE literature. We define the effect, differentiate it from related phenomena, and describe relevant methodological approaches, theories, and psychological mechanisms. Next, we present a comprehensive meta-analysis of BTAE studies, including data from 124 published articles, 291 independent samples, and more than 950,000 participants. Results indicated that the BTAE is robust across studies (dz = 0.78, 95% CI [0.71, 0.84]), with little evidence of publication bias. Further, moderation tests suggested that the BTAE is larger in the case of personality traits than abilities, positive as opposed to negative dimensions, and in studies that (a) use the direct rather than the indirect method, (b) involve many rather than few dimensions, (c) sample European Americans rather than East-Asians (especially for individualistic traits), and (d) counterbalance self and average peer judgments. Finally, the BTAE is moderately associated with self-esteem (r = .34) and life satisfaction (r = .33). Results from selection model analyses clarify areas of the BTAE literature in which publication bias may be of elevated concern. Discussion highlights theoretical and empirical implications. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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比较自我评估的效果优于平均水平：全面的回顾和荟萃分析。

优于平均水平的效果（BTAE）是人们倾向于认为自己的能力，属性和性格特征优于平均水平。本文对BTAE进行了全面的综述，并对BTAE文献进行了首次定量合成。我们定义了影响，将其与相关现象区分开来，并描述了相关的方法论方法，理论和心理机制。接下来，我们将对BTAE研究进行全面的荟萃分析，包括来自124篇已发表文章，291个独立样本和超过950,000名参与者的数据。结果表明，BTAE在所有研究中均表现出色（dz = 0.78，95％CI [0.71，0.84]），几乎没有发表偏倚的证据。此外，适度测试表明，在人格特质方面，BTAE比能力更大，正面而非负面维度，并且在（a）使用直接而非间接方法的研究中，（b）涉及许多而不是少数维度，（c）样本是欧洲裔美国人而不是东亚人（特别是针对个人特质） ，以及（d）平衡自我判断和平均同行判断。最后，BTAE与自尊（r = .34）和生活满意度（r = .33）有中等程度的关联。选择模型分析的结果澄清了BTAE文献中发表偏见可能引起高度关注的领域。讨论突出了理论和经验的含义。（PsycINFO数据库记录（c）2019 APA，保留所有权利）。（c）对欧洲裔美国人而不是东亚人进行抽样调查（特别是针对个人主义特征），以及（d）平衡自我判断和平均同辈判断。最后，BTAE与自尊（r = .34）和生活满意度（r = .33）有中等程度的关联。选择模型分析的结果澄清了BTAE文献中发表偏见可能引起高度关注的领域。讨论突出了理论和经验的含义。（PsycINFO数据库记录（c）2019 APA，保留所有权利）。（c）对欧洲裔美国人而不是东亚人进行抽样调查（特别是针对个人主义特征），以及（d）平衡自我判断和平均同辈判断。最后，BTAE与自尊（r = .34）和生活满意度（r = .33）有中等程度的关联。选择模型分析的结果澄清了BTAE文献中发表偏见可能引起高度关注的领域。讨论突出了理论和经验的含义。（PsycINFO数据库记录（c）2019 APA，保留所有权利）。讨论突出了理论和经验的含义。（PsycINFO数据库记录（c）2019 APA，保留所有权利）。讨论突出了理论和经验的含义。（PsycINFO数据库记录（c）2019 APA，保留所有权利）。