Abstract Current climate projections for the Great Plains of North America indicate markedly increased air temperatures by the end of the current century. Because the Great Plains contains >80,000 intermittent wetlands that serve as irreplaceable wildlife habitat, this projected warming may have profound effects throughout a continental-scale trophic network. However, little research has been done to determine how projected warming may affect the growth, development, or survival of even common species in this region. We conducted laboratory warming experiments, using an abundant amphibious predatory insect, Enallagma civile (Hagen, 1861), as a model organism, to determine whether projected warming may affect development or survival. Eggs were collected and reared under four water temperature regimes representing current (26°C) and projected future conditions (32, 38, and 41°C). Nymph body size after each molt, development rate, and deaths were recorded. Elevated water temperatures were found to significantly affect the survivorship of E. civile eggs and nymphs as well as adult body size at emergence: an increase in temperature incurred a decrease in survival and size. Nymphs in the two hotter treatments were smaller and had low survivorship whereas individuals in the cooler temperatures generally survived to adulthood and were larger. Nymphs reared at 32°C experienced accelerated ontogenetic development compared with the other temperatures, going from egg to adult in 26 d. Projected elevated temperatures may, thus, be both advantageous and detrimental, causing concern for aquatic invertebrates in this region in the future.

中文翻译：

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预测气候变化下水温对Enallagma Civile（Odonata：Coenagrionidae）发展和生存的影响

摘要 目前对北美大平原的气候预测表明，到本世纪末气温将显着升高。由于大平原包含超过 80,000 个间歇性湿地，这些湿地是不可替代的野生动物栖息地，因此预计的变暖可能会对整个大陆尺度的营养网络产生深远的影响。然而，很少有研究来确定预计的变暖可能如何影响该地区甚至常见物种的生长、发育或生存。我们进行了实验室变暖实验，使用丰富的两栖捕食性昆虫 Enallagma Civile（Hagen，1861）作为模式生物，以确定预计变暖是否会影响发育或生存。在代表当前 (26°C) 和预计未来条件 (32、38 和 41°C) 的四种水温条件下收集和饲养鸡蛋。记录每次蜕皮后若虫的体型、发育速度和死亡情况。发现升高的水温会显着影响 E. Civile 卵和若虫的存活率以及成虫出现时的体型：温度升高会导致存活率和体型下降。两种较热处理中的若虫较小且存活率较低，而在较冷温度下的个体通常能存活到成年并且较大。与其他温度相比，在 32°C 下饲养的若虫经历了加速的个体发育，在 26 d 内从卵到成虫。因此，预计升高的温度可能既有利也不利，