Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) develops in the oesophagus, stomach or duodenum and has an incidence of 47/100,000. Lower GIB (LGIB) develops in the small bowel, colon or anorectum and has an incidence of 33/100,000. Where the incidence of UGIB has fallen, driven by helicobacter pylori eradication and the use of proton pump inhibitors, the incidence of LGIB may be increasing. Interventions such as early endoscopy, risk assessment and national guidelines have improved clinical outcomes but have had limited impact on the economic burden of GIB. Previously LGIB was thought to be less severe than UGIB, but contemporary data suggest that patients with LGIB tend to have a longer length of hospital stay and may be at higher risk of death or re-bleeding.

中文翻译：

---

上消化道和下消化道出血的流行病学和病因学不断变化。

上消化道出血（UGIB）发生在食道，胃或十二指肠，其发生率为47 / 100,000。下GIB（LGIB）发生在小肠，结肠或肛门直肠，发病率为33 / 100,000。在根除幽门螺杆菌和使用质子泵抑制剂的推动下，UGIB的发病率下降了，LGIB的发病率可能会上升。早期内窥镜检查，风险评估和国家指南等干预措施改善了临床疗效，但对GIB的经济负担影响有限。以前认为LGIB不如UGIB严重，但现代数据表明，LGIB患者的住院时间往往更长，并且死亡或再次出血的风险更高。