Neutrophils are the first line of defense in the innate immune system, helping to maintain tissue homeostasis as well as eliminating pathogens and self-components. The traditional view of neutrophils as simple phagocytes has been revised over the last decade as new research reveals their unappreciated complexity. Neutrophils are phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous, allowing them to act as modulators of both inflammation and immune responses. During acute inflammation, neutrophils perform a variety of beneficial effector functions, but when inflammation is induced by injury (sterile inflammation) the benefits of neutrophils in tissue repair are more controversial. In several pathological conditions, including cancer and autoimmune diseases, neutrophils can trigger harmful tissue damage. Interestingly, neutrophils are also key players in neuroinflammatory disorders, during which they transmigrate in the central nervous system, acquire a toxic phenotype, home in on neurons, and release harmful molecules that compromise neuronal functions. In this review, we discuss recent data that redefine the cell biology and phenotype of neutrophils, focusing on the role of these cells in multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease, both of which feature strong neuroinflammatory components.

中文翻译：

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中性粒细胞在神经变性中的新兴作用。

中性粒细胞是先天免疫系统的第一道防线，有助于维持组织的稳态以及消除病原体和自身成分。在过去的十年中，由于新的研究表明嗜中性粒细胞简单的吞噬细胞的复杂性尚未得到认可，因此传统观点已被修改。中性粒细胞在表型和功能上是异质的，使它们既可以充当炎症反应，又可以充当免疫反应。在急性炎症期间，嗜中性粒细胞执行多种有益的效应子功能，但是当损伤引起炎症（无菌炎症）时，嗜中性粒细胞在组织修复中的益处更具争议性。在包括癌症和自身免疫性疾病在内的几种病理状况下，中性粒细胞会引发有害的组织损伤。有趣的是 中性粒细胞也是神经炎性疾病的关键参与者，在此过程中，中性粒细胞在中枢神经系统中迁移，获得毒性表型，归巢于神经元并释放损害神经元功能的有害分子。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了重新定义嗜中性粒细胞的细胞生物学和表型的最新数据，重点是这些细胞在多发性硬化症和阿尔茨海默氏病中的作用，两者均具有强大的神经炎症成分。