Nutrition is a major mediator of insect life-history trait expression. While the role of macronutrient (carbohydrate and protein) balance on trait expression has received substantial attention, the implications of different classes of specific macronutrients remains virtually unexplored. Here, we addressed this gap by varying the type of carbohydrate in larval diets of the polyphagous fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni (aka 'Queensland fruit fly'). Sourcing insects from a colony maintained using larval diets that contain sucrose, we assessed the effects of sucrose, maltose, and lactose on larval development and adult traits. Replacement of sucrose with lactose resulted in slow larval growth, as well as decreases in pupation, adult emergence and adult body weight for both sexes, although adult lipid reserves were unaffected. Sucrose and maltose were equivalent in terms of larval growth, pupation, adult emergence and adult weight of both sexes. Surprisingly, adults from larvae reared on diets containing maltose had lower lipid reserves than adults from larvae reared on diets containing either lactose or sucrose. The sex ratio of adults at emergence from larvae reared on diets containing lactose and maltose was balanced, but was female-biased in adults from larvae reared on diets containing sucrose. Our results show that carbohydrate sources are not equivalent for development of the Queensland fruit fly, affecting both larval development and adult traits. These findings have implications for understanding the ecology of this highly polyphagous species which infests fruits with highly diverse carbohydrate contents, as well as for the rearing and management of this pest species.

中文翻译：

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碳水化合物类型对多食性果蝇幼虫发育和成年性状的影响。

营养是昆虫生活史特征表达的主要媒介。尽管大量营养素（碳水化合物和蛋白质）平衡对性状表达的作用已受到广泛关注，但实际上仍未探索不同类别的特定大量营养素的影响。在这里，我们通过改变多食性果蝇Bactrocera tryoni（又称“昆士兰果蝇”）幼虫饮食中碳水化合物的类型来解决这一差距。从使用含有蔗糖的幼虫饮食维持的殖民地采购昆虫，我们评估了蔗糖，麦芽糖和乳糖对幼虫发育和成年性状的影响。乳糖替代蔗糖导致幼虫生长缓慢，以及化脓，成年出苗和成年体重降低，尽管成年脂质储备未受影响。在幼虫的生长，化脓，成年出苗和成年体重方面，蔗糖和麦芽糖是相当的。出人意料的是，与含乳糖或蔗糖饮食的幼虫相比，以麦芽糖饮食喂养的幼虫的脂质储备较低。在含有乳糖和麦芽糖的日粮中幼虫出苗时，成年男女的性别比例是平衡的，但是在由含有蔗糖的日粮中幼虫成年时，成年女性的性别偏见。我们的结果表明，碳水化合物的来源不等同于昆士兰果蝇的发育，会影响幼虫的发育和成年性状。这些发现对于理解这种高度多食性物种的生态系统具有重要意义，这种物种会侵染具有高度多样化的碳水化合物含量的水果，