Cattle manure composting was performed in an aerated vessel. Community structure and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) were investigated using polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) techniques targeting the ammonia monooxygenase alpha subunit (amoA) gene and the correlation between AOB and AOA communities and environmental factors was explored. Thirteen (13) AOB sequences were obtained, which were closely related to Nitrosomonas spp., Nitrosomonas eutropha, and Nitrosospira spp. and uncultured bacteria, among which Nitrosomonas spp. were predominant. Excessively high temperature and high ammonium concentration were not favorable for AOB growth. Five AOA sequences, belonging to Candidatus Nitrososphaera gargensis and to an uncultured archaeon, were obtained. During composting, community diversity of AOB and AOA fluctuated, with AOA showing a higher Shannon–Wiener index. The AOB community changed more dramatically in the mesophilic stage and the early thermophilic stage, whereas the most obvious AOA community succession occurred in the late thermophilic stage, the cooling stage and the maturity stage. Water content, total nitrogen (TN) and ammonium concentration were more relevant to the AOB community structure, while higher correlations were observed between ammonia, nitrate and TN and the AOA community. AOB community diversity was negatively correlated with pH (r = −0.938, p < 0.01) and water content (r = −0.765, p < 0.05), while positively correlated with TN (r = 0.894, p < 0.01). AOA community diversity was negatively correlated with ammonium concentration (r = −0.901, p < 0.01). Ammonium concentration played an important role in the succession of AOB and AOA communities during composting.

牛粪堆肥是在充气容器中进行的。利用针对氨单加氧酶α亚基（amoA）基因的聚合酶链反应和变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-DGGE）技术研究了氨氧化细菌（AOB）和氨氧化古细菌（AOA）的群落结构和多样性。探讨了AOB和AOA社区之间的关系以及环境因素。得到十三（13）AOB序列，其密切相关亚硝化单胞菌属，亚硝化单胞杆菌，和Nitrosospira属。和未培养的细菌，其中亚硝化单胞菌spp。占主导地位。过高的温度和高的铵浓度不利于AOB的生长。五AOA序列，属于暂定 Nitrososphaera gargensis并获得了未培养的古细菌。在堆肥过程中，AOB和AOA的群落多样性发生了波动，其中AOA显示出较高的Shannon-Wiener指数。AOB群落在中温阶段和早期嗜热阶段变化更为明显，而最明显的AOA群落演替发生在嗜热后期，冷却阶段和成熟阶段。水分，总氮（TN）和铵浓度与AOB群落结构更相关，而氨，硝酸盐和TN与AOA群落之间的相关性更高。AOB群落多样性与pH（r = -0.938，p <0.01）和水含量（r = -0.765，p<0.05），而与TN正相关（r = 0.894，p <0.01）。AOA群落多样性与铵浓度呈负相关（r = -0.901，p <0.01）。在堆肥过程中，铵浓度在AOB和AOA群落的演替中起着重要作用。