We present a large ensemble of simulations of an Earth-like world with increasing insolation and rotation rate. Unlike previous work utilizing idealized aquaplanet configurations we focus our simulations on modern Earth-like topography. The orbital period is the same as modern Earth, but with zero obliquity and eccentricity. The atmosphere is 1 bar N2-dominated with CO2=400 ppmv and CH4=1 ppmv. The simulations include two types of oceans; one without ocean heat transport (OHT) between grid cells as has been commonly used in the exoplanet literature, while the other is a fully coupled dynamic bathtub type ocean. The dynamical regime transitions that occur as day length increases induce climate feedbacks producing cooler temperatures, first via the reduction of water vapor with increasing rotation period despite decreasing shortwave cooling by clouds, and then via decreasing water vapor and increasing shortwave cloud cooling, except at the highest insolations. Simulations without OHT are more sensitive to insolation changes for fast rotations while slower rotations are relatively insensitive to ocean choice. OHT runs with faster rotations tend to be similar with gyres transporting heat poleward making them warmer than those without OHT. For slower rotations OHT is directed equator-ward and no high latitude gyres are apparent. Uncertainties in cloud parameterization preclude a precise determination of habitability but do not affect robust aspects of exoplanet climate sensitivity. This is the first paper in a series that will investigate aspects of habitability in the simulations presented herein. The datasets from this study are opensource and publicly available.

中文翻译：

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温暖的类地行星的气候 I：3-D 模型模拟。

我们提出了一个对类地世界进行大量模拟的模型，其中日照和自转速率不断增加。与之前利用理想化水生行星配置的工作不同，我们将模拟重点放在现代类地地形上。轨道周期与现代地球相同，但倾角和偏心率为零。大气压力为 1 bar，以 N2 为主，CO2=400 ppmv，CH4=1 ppmv。模拟包括两种类型的海洋：一个没有网格单元之间的海洋热传输（OHT），如系外行星文献中常用的那样，而另一个是完全耦合的动态浴缸型海洋。随着日长增加而发生的动态状态转变会引起气候反馈，从而产生较低的温度，首先，尽管云的短波冷却减少，但随着自转周期的增加，水蒸气减少，然后通过水蒸气减少和短波云冷却增加，除了在最高的日照量。没有 OHT 的模拟对快速旋转的日照变化更敏感，而较慢的旋转对海洋选择相对不敏感。旋转速度更快的 OHT 运行往往与向极地传输热量的环流类似，使其比没有 OHT 的环流更温暖。对于较慢的旋转，OHT 指向赤道，并且没有明显的高纬度环流。云参数化的不确定性妨碍了对宜居性的精确确定，但不影响系外行星气候敏感性的稳健方面。这是研究本文所提出的模拟中的宜居性方面的系列论文中的第一篇。本研究的数据集是开源且公开的。