Objective: Oxidative stress, a common feature in cardiovascular and renal disease is associated with the causes and consequences of fetal growth restriction. Hence, renal redox status is likely an early determinant of morbidity in small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants. In this study, we examined renal oxidative stress in naturally-farrowed SGA newborn pigs.

Methods: We studied SGA newborn pigs with 52% less body weight and 59% higher brain/liver weight ratio compared with their appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) counterparts.

Results: The kidneys of the SGA newborn pigs weighed 56% less than the AGA group. The glomerular cross-sectional area was also smaller in the SGA group. SGA newborn pigs exhibited increased renal lipid peroxidation, reduced kidney and urine total antioxidant capacity, and increased renal nitrotyrosine immunostaining. Whereas the protein expression level of NADPH oxidase (NOX)2 was unchanged, NOX4 expression was significantly higher in SGA kidneys. The level of serum potassium was lower, but serum sodium and creatinine were similar in SGA compared with AGA newborn pigs. The serum concentrations of C‐reactive protein and NGAL, the biomarkers of inflammation and early acute kidney injury were significantly elevated in the SGA group.

Conclusion: Early induction of oxidative stress may contribute to the onset of kidney injury in growth-restricted infants.

目的：氧化应激是心血管和肾脏疾病的共同特征，与胎儿生长受限的原因和后果有关。因此，在小胎龄（SGA）婴儿中，肾脏氧化还原状态可能是发病率的早期决定因素。在这项研究中，我们检查了自然狭窄的SGA新生猪的肾脏氧化应激。

方法：我们研究了SGA新生猪，与适合胎龄（AGA）的同类猪相比，它们的体重减轻了52％，脑/肝重量比提高了59％。

结果： SGA新生猪的肾脏重量比AGA组减轻了56％。在SGA组中，肾小球的横截面积也较小。SGA新生猪表现出增加的肾脏脂质过氧化作用，降低的肾脏和尿液总抗氧化能力以及增加的肾脏硝基酪氨酸免疫染色。尽管NADPH氧化酶（NOX）2的蛋白表达水平没有变化，但SGA肾脏中NOX4的表达明显更高。与AGA新生猪相比，SGA中的血钾水平较低，但血钠和肌酐相似。SGA组的血清C反应蛋白和NGAL浓度，炎症和早期急性肾损伤的生物标志物显着升高。

结论：早期诱导氧化应激可能导致生长受限的婴儿开始肾脏损伤。