For decades, the main focus of titanium implants developed to restore bone functionality was on improved osseointegration. Additional antimicrobial properties have now become desirable, due to the risk that rising antibiotic resistance poses for implant-associated infections. To this end, the trace elements of copper and zinc were integrated into calcium phosphate based coatings by electrochemically assisted deposition. In addition to their antimicrobial activity, zinc is reported to attract bone progenitor cells through chemotaxis and thus increase osteogenic differentiation, and copper to stimulate angiogenesis. Quantities of up to 68.9 ± 0.1 μg cm- 2 of copper and 56.6 ± 0.4 μg cm- 2 of zinc were deposited; co-deposition of both ions did not influence the amount of zinc but slightly increased the amount of copper in the coatings. The release of deposited copper and zinc species was negligible in serum-free simulated body fluid. In protein-containing solutions, a burst release of up to 10 μg ml-1 was observed for copper, while zinc was released continuously for up to 14 days. The presence of zinc was beneficial for adhesion and growth of human mesenchymal stromal cells in a concentration-dependent manner, but cytotoxic effects were already visible for coatings with an intermediate copper content. However, co-deposited zinc could somewhat alleviate the adverse effects of copper. Antimicrobial tests with E. coli revealed a decrease in adherent bacteria on brushite without copper or zinc of 60%, but if the coating contained both ions there was almost no bacterial adhesion after 12 h. Coatings with high zinc content and intermediate copper content had the overall best multifunctional properties.

中文翻译：

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钛植入物上具有集成微量元素的多功能磷酸钙基涂料。

几十年来，开发用于恢复骨骼功能的钛植入物的主要重点是改善骨整合。由于对植入物相关的感染具有增加的抗药性的风险，现在已经需要其他的抗菌性能。为此，通过电化学辅助沉积将微量的铜和锌元素整合到磷酸钙基涂层中。据报道，除锌具有抗微生物活性外，锌还通过趋化作用吸引骨祖细胞，从而增加成骨分化，铜刺激血管生成。沉积了高达68.9±0.1μgcm-2的铜和56.6±0.4μgcm-2的锌。两种离子的共沉积不会影响锌的含量，但会稍微增加涂层中铜的含量。在无血清的模拟体液中，沉积的铜和锌物质的释放可以忽略不计。在含蛋白质的溶液中，铜的爆发释放高达10μgml-1，而锌的释放持续长达14天。锌的存在以浓度依赖性方式有利于人间充质基质细胞的粘附和生长，但是对于具有中等铜含量的涂层，细胞毒性作用已经可见。但是，共沉积锌可以在某种程度上减轻铜的不利影响。用大肠杆菌进行的抗菌测试表明，不含铜或锌的透钙磷石上的附着细菌减少了60％，但是如果涂层中包含两种离子，则在12小时后几乎没有细菌附着。