Oligodendrocytes are a subtype of glial cells found within the central nervous system (CNS), responsible for the formation and maintenance of specialized myelin membranes which wrap neuronal axons. The development of myelin requires tight coordination for the cell to deliver lipid and protein building blocks to specific myelin segments at the right time. Both internal and external cues control myelination, thus the reception of these signals also requires precise regulation. In late years, a growing body of evidence indicates that oligodendrocytes, like many other cell types, may use extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a medium for transferring information. The field of EV research has expanded rapidly over the past decade, with new contributions that suggest EVs might have direct involvement in communications with neurons and other glial cells to fine tune oligodendroglial function. This functional role of EVs might also be maladaptive, as it has likewise been implicated in the spreading of toxic molecules within the brain during disease. In this review we will discuss the field's current understanding of extracellular vesicle biology within oligodendrocytes, and their contribution to physiologic and pathologic conditions.

中文翻译：

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囊泡运输和释放在少突胶质细胞生物学中的作用。

少突胶质细胞是在中枢神经系统（CNS）中发现的神经胶质细胞的一种亚型，负责形成和维持包裹神经元轴突的特殊髓鞘膜。髓磷脂的发育需要细胞的紧密协调，以在适当的时间将脂质和蛋白质构建基传递至特定的髓磷脂片段。内部和外部提示都控制髓鞘形成，因此这些信号的接收也需要精确的调节。近年来，越来越多的证据表明，少突胶质细胞与许多其他细胞类型一样，可能使用细胞外囊泡（EV）作为传递信息的介质。电动汽车研究领域在过去十年中迅速发展，新的研究表明，电动汽车可能直接参与与神经元和其他神经胶质细胞的交流，以微调少突胶质细胞的功能。电动汽车的这种功能性作用也可能是适应不良的，因为它也与疾病期间大脑中有毒分子的扩散有关。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论该领域对少突胶质细胞内细胞外囊泡生物学的最新了解，以及它们对生理和病理状况的贡献。