We investigated the impact of Norway’s current zonal carnivore management system for four large carnivore species on sheep farming. Sheep losses increased when the large carnivores were reintroduced, but has declined again after the introduction of the zoning management system. The total number of sheep increased outside, but declined slightly inside the management zones. The total sheep production increased, but sheep farming was still lost as a source of income for many farmers. The use of the grazing resources became more extensive. Losses decreased because sheep were removed from the open outfield pastures and many farmers gave up sheep farming. While wolves expel sheep farming from the outfield grazing areas, small herds can still be kept in fenced enclosures. Bears are in every respect incompatible with sheep farming. Farmers adjust to the seasonal and more predictable behavior of lynx and wolverine, although these species also may cause serious losses when present. The mitigating efforts are costly and lead to reduced animal welfare and lower income for the farmers, although farmers in peri-urban areas increasingly are keeping sheep as an avocation. There is a spillover effect of the zoning strategy in the sense that there is substantial loss of livestock to carnivores outside, but geographically near the management zones. The carnivore management policy used in Norway is a reasonably successful management strategy when the goal is to separate livestock from carnivores and decrease the losses, but the burdens are unequally distributed and farmers inside the management zones are at an economic disadvantage.

中文翻译：

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食肉动物管理区及其对挪威养羊业的影响

我们调查了挪威目前针对四种大型食肉动物的区域食肉动物管理系统对绵羊养殖的影响。当重新引入大型食肉动物时，绵羊损失增加，但在引入分区管理系统后再次下降。羊总数在管理区内有所增加，但在管理区内略有下降。绵羊总产量有所增加，但养羊业仍然无法成为许多农民的收入来源。放牧资源的利用更加广泛。由于绵羊被从露天牧场上移走，许多农民放弃了养羊，因此损失减少了。虽然狼将羊群赶出外场放牧区，但仍可将小群羊圈养在围栏内。熊在各方面都与养羊不相容。农民适应猞猁和狼獾的季节性和更可预测的行为，尽管这些物种在出现时也可能造成严重损失。尽管城市周边地区的农民越来越多地将养羊作为一种副业，但缓解措施成本高昂，并导致动物福利减少和农民收入减少。从某种意义上说，分区策略的溢出效应是牲畜大量流失到外面但地理上靠近管理区的食肉动物。当目标是将牲畜与食肉动物分开并减少损失时，挪威使用的食肉动物管理政策是一种相当成功的管理策略，但负担分布不均，管理区内的农民处于经济劣势。