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Effects of the SOS (A501C/T605C) and DS (I201C/A433C) Disulfide Bonds on HIV-1 Membrane Envelope Glycoprotein Conformation and Function.
Journal of Virology ( IF 4.0 ) Pub Date : 2019-05-29 , DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00304-19
Hanh T Nguyen 1 , Nirmin Alsahafi 2, 3 , Andrés Finzi 2, 3, 4 , Joseph G Sodroski 5, 6
Affiliation  

Most broadly neutralizing antibodies and many entry inhibitors target the pretriggered (state 1) conformation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env). Here we examine two previously reported Env mutants designed to be stabilized in this conformation by the introduction of artificial disulfide bonds: A501C/T605C (called SOS) and I201C/A433C (called DS). SOS Env supported virus entry and cell-cell fusion only after exposure to a reducing agent, dithiothreitol (DTT). Deletion of the Env cytoplasmic tail improved the efficiency with which the SOS Env supported virus infection in a reducing environment. The antigenicity of the SOS Env was similar to that of the unmodified Env, except for greater sensitivity to some state 1-preferring ligands. In contrast, viruses with the DS Env were not infectious, even after DTT treatment. The proteolytic maturation of the DS Env on both cell surfaces and virions was severely compromised compared with that of the unmodified Env. The DS Env exhibited detectable cell-fusing activity when DTT was present. However, the profiles of cell-surface Env recognition and cell-cell fusion inhibition by antibodies differed for the DS Env and the unmodified Env. Thus, the DS Env appears to be stabilized in an off-pathway conformation that is nonfunctional on the virus. The SOS change exerted more subtle, context-dependent effects on Env conformation and function.IMPORTANCE The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope proteins (Envs) bind receptors on the host cell and change shape to allow the virus to enter the cell. Most virus-inhibiting antibodies and drugs recognize a particular shape of Env called state 1. Disulfide bonds formed by cysteine residues have been introduced into soluble forms of the flexible envelope proteins in an attempt to lock them into state 1 for use in vaccines and as research tools. We evaluated the effect of these cysteine substitutions on the ability of the membrane Env to support virus entry and on susceptibility to inhibition by antibodies and small molecules. We found that the conformation of the envelope proteins with the cysteine substitutions differed from that of the unmodified membrane envelope proteins. Awareness of these effects can assist efforts to create stable HIV-1 Env complexes that more closely resemble the state 1 conformation.

中文翻译:

SOS(A501C / T605C)和DS(I201C / A433C)二硫键对HIV-1膜包膜糖蛋白构象和功能的影响。

最广泛的中和抗体和许多进入抑制剂的靶标是人免疫缺陷病毒1型(HIV-1)包膜糖蛋白(Env)的预先触发(状态1)构象。在这里,我们检查了两个先前报道的旨在通过引入人工二硫键稳定在这种构象中的Env突变体:A501C / T605C(称为SOS)和I201C / A433C(称为DS)。SOS Env仅在接触还原剂二硫苏糖醇(DTT)后才支持病毒进入和细胞融合。Env胞质尾巴的删除提高了SOS Env在还原性环境中支持病毒感染的效率。SOS Env的抗原性与未修饰的Env相似,只是对某些状态1优先配体的敏感性更高。相比之下,带有DS Env的病毒没有传染性,即使经过DTT治疗。与未修饰的Env相比,DS Env在细胞表面和病毒体的蛋白水解成熟受到严重损害。当存在DTT时,DS Env表现出可检测的细胞融合活性。但是,DS Env和未修饰的Env的抗体对细胞表面Env的识别和对细胞间融合的抑制作用不同。因此,DS Env似乎稳定在对病毒无功能的非路径构象中。SOS的变化对Env的构象和功能产生了更微妙的,取决于上下文的影响。重要信息人类1型免疫缺陷病毒(HIV-1)包膜蛋白(Envs)结合宿主细胞上的受体并改变形状以使病毒进入宿主细胞。细胞。大多数抑制病毒的抗体和药物都可以识别称为状态1的特定Env形状。半胱氨酸残基形成的二硫键已被引入到柔性包膜蛋白的可溶性形式中,以试图将它们锁定为状态1以用于疫苗和作为研究用途。工具。我们评估了这些半胱氨酸取代对膜Env支持病毒进入的能力以及对抗体和小分子抑制的敏感性的影响。我们发现,具有半胱氨酸取代的包膜蛋白的构象与未修饰的膜包膜蛋白的构象不同。意识到这些影响可以帮助创建稳定的HIV-1 Env复合物,这些复合物更类似于状态1的构象。由半胱氨酸残基形成的二硫键已被引入到柔性包膜蛋白的可溶性形式中,试图将它们锁定在状态1中,以用于疫苗和研究工具。我们评估了这些半胱氨酸取代对膜Env支持病毒进入的能力以及对抗体和小分子抑制的敏感性的影响。我们发现,具有半胱氨酸取代的包膜蛋白的构象与未修饰的膜包膜蛋白的构象不同。意识到这些影响可以帮助创建稳定的HIV-1 Env复合物,这些复合物更类似于状态1的构象。由半胱氨酸残基形成的二硫键已被引入到柔性包膜蛋白的可溶性形式中,试图将它们锁定在状态1中,以用于疫苗和研究工具。我们评估了这些半胱氨酸取代对膜Env支持病毒进入的能力以及对抗体和小分子抑制的敏感性的影响。我们发现,具有半胱氨酸取代的包膜蛋白的构象与未修饰的膜包膜蛋白的构象不同。意识到这些影响可以帮助创建稳定的HIV-1 Env复合物,这些复合物更类似于状态1的构象。我们评估了这些半胱氨酸取代对膜Env支持病毒进入的能力以及对抗体和小分子抑制的敏感性的影响。我们发现,具有半胱氨酸取代的包膜蛋白的构象与未修饰的膜包膜蛋白的构象不同。意识到这些影响可以帮助创建稳定的HIV-1 Env复合物,这些复合物更类似于状态1的构象。我们评估了这些半胱氨酸取代对膜Env支持病毒进入的能力以及对抗体和小分子抑制的敏感性的影响。我们发现,具有半胱氨酸取代的包膜蛋白的构象与未修饰的膜包膜蛋白的构象不同。意识到这些影响可以帮助创建稳定的HIV-1 Env复合物,这些复合物更类似于状态1的构象。
更新日期:2019-11-01
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