Foot-and-mouth disease is endemic in livestock in large parts of Africa and Asia, where it is an important driver of food insecurity and a major obstacle to agricultural development and the international trade in animal products. Virtually all commercially available vaccines are inactivated whole-virus vaccines produced in cell culture, but the adaptation of a field isolate of the virus to growth in culture is laborious and time-consuming. This is of particular concern for the development of vaccines to newly emerging virus lineages, where long lead times from virus isolate to vaccine can delay the implementation of effective control programs. High antigen yields in production cells are also necessary to make vaccines affordable for less developed countries in endemic areas. Therefore, a rational approach to cell culture adaptation that combines prior knowledge of common adaptive mutations and reverse genetics techniques is urgently required. This review provides an overview of amino acid exchanges in the viral capsid proteins in the context of adaptation to cell culture.

中文翻译：

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口蹄疫病毒的细胞培养繁殖：结构蛋白中的自适应氨基酸取代及其功能含义。

口蹄疫是非洲和亚洲大部分地区牲畜的地方病，是造成粮食不安全的重要因素，也是农业发展和动物产品国际贸易的主要障碍。几乎所有可商购获得的疫苗都是在细胞培养中生产的灭活全病毒疫苗，但是使病毒的现场分离株适应培养中的生长既费力又费时。这对于开发针对新兴病毒谱系的疫苗尤为关注，因为从病毒分离株到疫苗的交货期较长，可能会延迟有效控制程序的实施。生产细胞中高抗原产量对于使流行地区的欠发达国家负担得起疫苗也是必要的。因此，迫切需要一种合理的细胞培养适应方法，该方法应将常见适应性突变的先验知识与反向遗传学技术相结合。这篇综述概述了在适应细胞培养的情况下病毒衣壳蛋白中的氨基酸交换。