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HIV-1 Accessory Protein Vpr Interacts with REAF/RPRD2 To Mitigate Its Antiviral Activity.
Journal of Virology ( IF 4.0 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-31 , DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01591-19
Joseph M Gibbons 1 , Kelly M Marno 1 , Rebecca Pike 1 , Wing-Yiu Jason Lee 1 , Christopher E Jones 1 , Babatunji W Ogunkolade 1 , Claire Pardieu 1 , Alexander Bryan 2 , Rebecca Menhua Fu 2 , Gary Warnes 1 , Paul A Rowley 3 , Richard D Sloan 2, 4 , Áine McKnight 5
Affiliation  

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) accessory protein Vpr enhances viral replication in both macrophages and, to a lesser extent, cycling T cells. Virion-packaged Vpr is released in target cells shortly after entry, suggesting it is required in the early phase of infection. Previously, we described REAF (RNA-associated early-stage antiviral factor; RPRD2), a constitutively expressed protein that potently restricts HIV replication at or during reverse transcription. Here, we show that a virus without an intact vpr gene is more highly restricted by REAF and, using delivery by virus-like particles (VLPs), that Vpr alone is sufficient for REAF degradation in primary macrophages. REAF is more highly expressed in macrophages than in cycling T cells, and we detected, by coimmunoprecipitation assay, an interaction between Vpr protein and endogenous REAF. Vpr acts quickly during the early phase of replication and induces the degradation of REAF within 30 min of viral entry. Using Vpr F34I and Q65R viral mutants, we show that nuclear localization and interaction with cullin 4A-DBB1 (DCAF1) E3 ubiquitin ligase are required for REAF degradation by Vpr. In response to infection, cells upregulate REAF levels. This response is curtailed in the presence of Vpr. These findings support the hypothesis that Vpr induces the degradation of a factor, REAF, that impedes HIV infection in macrophages.IMPORTANCE For at least 30 years, it has been known that HIV-1 Vpr, a protein carried in the virion, is important for efficient infection of primary macrophages. Vpr is also a determinant of the pathogenic effects of HIV-1 in vivo A number of cellular proteins that interact with Vpr have been identified. So far, it has not been possible to associate these proteins with altered viral replication in macrophages or to explain why Vpr is carried in the virus particle. Here, we show that Vpr mitigates the antiviral effects of REAF, a protein highly expressed in primary macrophages and one that inhibits virus replication during reverse transcription. REAF is degraded by Vpr within 30 min of virus entry in a manner dependent on the nuclear localization of Vpr and its interaction with the cell's protein degradation machinery.

中文翻译:

HIV-1 辅助蛋白 Vpr 与 REAF/RPRD2 相互作用以减轻其抗病毒活性。

人类免疫缺陷病毒 1 型 (HIV-1) 辅助蛋白 Vpr 增强了巨噬细胞中的病毒复制,并在较小程度上增强了循环 T 细胞。病毒粒子包装的 Vpr 在进入后不久在靶细胞中释放,这表明它在感染的早期阶段是必需的。以前,我们描述了 REAF(RNA 相关的早期抗病毒因子;RPRD2),一种在逆转录时或逆转录过程中有效限制 HIV 复制的组成型表达蛋白。在这里,我们表明没有完整 vpr 基因的病毒受到 REAF 的更高限制,并且使用病毒样颗粒 (VLP) 的传递,仅 Vpr 就足以在原代巨噬细胞中降解 REAF。REAF 在巨噬细胞中的表达比在循环 T 细胞中更高,我们通过免疫共沉淀试验检测到,Vpr 蛋白和内源性 REAF 之间的相互作用。Vpr 在复制的早期阶段迅速发挥作用,并在病毒进入后 30 分钟内诱导 REAF 降解。使用 Vpr F34I 和 Q65R 病毒突变体,我们表明 Vpr 降解 REAF 需要核定位和与 cullin 4A-DBB1 (DCAF1) E3 泛素连接酶的相互作用。作为对感染的反应,细胞上调 REAF 水平。在存在 Vpr 的情况下,这种反应会减少。这些发现支持了这样的假设,即 Vpr 诱导一种因子 REAF 的降解,该因子阻碍了巨噬细胞中的 HIV 感染。重要性至少 30 年来,众所周知,病毒粒子中携带的一种蛋白质 HIV-1 Vpr 对于原代巨噬细胞的有效感染。Vpr 也是 HIV-1 在体内的致病作用的决定因素。已经鉴定了许多与 Vpr 相互作用的细胞蛋白。到目前为止,还不可能将这些蛋白质与巨噬细胞中改变的病毒复制联系起来,或者解释为什么病毒颗粒中携带 Vpr。在这里,我们表明 Vpr 减轻了 REAF 的抗病毒作用,REAF 是一种在原代巨噬细胞中高度表达的蛋白质,并且在逆转录过程中抑制病毒复制。REAF 在病毒进入后 30 分钟内被 Vpr 降解,其方式取决于 Vpr 的核定位及其与细胞蛋白质降解机制的相互作用。不可能将这些蛋白质与巨噬细胞中改变的病毒复制联系起来,或者解释为什么病毒颗粒中携带 Vpr。在这里,我们表明 Vpr 减轻了 REAF 的抗病毒作用,REAF 是一种在原代巨噬细胞中高度表达的蛋白质,并且在逆转录过程中抑制病毒复制。REAF 在病毒进入后 30 分钟内被 Vpr 降解,其方式取决于 Vpr 的核定位及其与细胞蛋白质降解机制的相互作用。不可能将这些蛋白质与巨噬细胞中改变的病毒复制联系起来,或者解释为什么病毒颗粒中携带 Vpr。在这里,我们表明 Vpr 减轻了 REAF 的抗病毒作用,REAF 是一种在原代巨噬细胞中高度表达的蛋白质,并且在逆转录过程中抑制病毒复制。REAF 在病毒进入后 30 分钟内被 Vpr 降解,其方式取决于 Vpr 的核定位及其与细胞蛋白质降解机制的相互作用。
更新日期:2019-11-01
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