BACKGROUND Previous lists number from 55 to 176 plant species as "Biblical Medicinal Plants." Modern studies attest that many names on these lists are no longer valid. This situation arose due to old mistranslations and/or mistakes in botanical identification. Many previously recognized Biblical plants are in no way related to the flora of the Bible lands. Accordingly, the list needs revision. METHODS We re-examine the list of possible medicinal plants in the Bible based on new studies in Hebrew Biblical philology and etymology, new studies on the Egyptian and Mesopotamian medicinal use of plants, on ethnobotany and on archaeobotany. RESULTS In our survey, we suggest reducing this list to 45 plant species. Our contribution comprises 20 "newly" suggested Biblical Medicinal Plants. Only five species are mentioned directly as medicinal plants in the Bible: Fig (Ficus carica), Nard (Nardostachys jatamansi), Hyssop (Origanum syriacum), balm of Gilead (Commiphora gileadensis) and Mandrake (Mandragora officinarum). No fewer than 18 medicinal plants are mentioned in old Jewish post-Biblical sources, in addition to those in the Bible. Most of these plants (15) are known also in Egypt and Mesopotamia while three are from Egypt only. Seven of our suggested species are not mentioned in the Bible or in the Jewish post-Biblical literature but were recorded as medicinal plants from Egypt, as well as from Mesopotamia. It is quite logical to assume that they can be included as Biblical Medicinal Plants. CONCLUSIONS All our suggested Biblical Medicinal Plants are known as such in Ancient Egypt and/or Mesopotamia also. Examination of our list shows that all these plants have been in continuous medicinal use in the Middle East down the generations, as well as being used in the Holy Land today. Precisely in King Solomon's words, "That which has been is what will be, that which is done is what will be done. And there is nothing new under the sun" (Ecclesiastes 1:9).

中文翻译：

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重新审视了圣经中的药用植物。

背景技术先前列出的55种至176种植物被称为“圣经药用植物”。现代研究证明，这些列表上的许多名称不再有效。这种情况是由于旧的翻译错误和/或植物学识别错误而引起的。许多以前公认的圣经植物与圣经土地上的植物根本没有关系。因此，清单需要修改。方法我们根据希伯来圣经语言学和词源学的新研究，埃及和美索不达米亚药用植物，民族植物学和古植物学的新研究，重新审查圣经中可能存在的药用植物。结果在我们的调查中，我们建议将此清单减少到45种植物。我们的贡献包括20种“新”建议的圣经药用植物。圣经中只直接提到了5种药用植物：无花果（Ficus carica），纳德（Nardostachys jatamansi），牛膝草（Hyssop）（Origanum syriacum），吉利德（Gilead）香脂（Commiphora gileadensis）和曼德拉（Mandrake）（Mandragora officinarum）。除了圣经中的记载外，在古老的犹太后圣经文献中也提到了不少于18种药用植物。这些植物中的大多数（15种）在埃及和美索不达米亚也为人所知，而其中只有三株来自埃及。在圣经或犹太后圣经文学中没有提到我们建议的七个物种，但它们被记录为埃及和美索不达米亚的药用植物。假定它们可以作为圣经药用植物被包括进来是很合乎逻辑的。结论我们所有建议的圣经药用植物在古埃及和/或美索不达米亚也众所周知。从我们的清单中可以看出，所有这些植物在世世代代以来一直在中东地区得到持续的药用，并且在当今的圣地也得到了使用。恰恰用所罗门王的话说：“已经完成的将是什么，已完成的是将要完成的。在阳光下没有什么新东西”（传道书1：9）。