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The Relationship Between Lifetime Out-of-pocket Medical Expenditures, Dementia, and Socioeconomic Status in the U.S.
The Journal of the Economics of Ageing ( IF 1.9 ) Pub Date : 2018-11-30 , DOI: 10.1016/j.jeoa.2018.11.006
Péter Hudomiet 1 , Michael D Hurd 2 , Susann Rohwedder 3
Affiliation  

Dementia is one of the most expensive medical conditions. The costs are borne by families, by private insurance and by society via public programs such as Medicaid in the U.S.. There is extensive research on the relationship between dementia and annual medical spending. This paper, instead, estimates cumulative lifetime medical expenditures that can be attributed to the onset of dementia using a nationally representative longitudinal survey from the U.S., the Health and Retirement Study. The lifetime expenditures are estimated by summing any out-of-pocket medical spending reported in the panel from age 65 to death. Censored cases are imputed using a non-parametric matching algorithm called splicing. For example, survivors to the most recent wave are matched to similar individuals from older cohorts who are observed at the relevant ages all the way through death. We find that those who live with dementia for at least half a year pay, on average, $38,540 more out of pocket from age 65 to death when controlling for length of life, demographics, lifetime earnings and comorbidities. The costs of dementia are almost exclusively due to spending on nursing homes. Spending on drugs, doctor visits or hospitals, is not significantly related to dementia. The lifetime costs of dementia are significantly larger for white and rich individuals, perhaps because they use higher quality nursing homes and because they have more financial resources to spend down before becoming eligible for Medicaid support.

中文翻译:

美国终生自费医疗支出、痴呆症和社会经济状况之间的关系

痴呆症是最昂贵的医疗条件之一。这些费用由家庭、私人保险和社会通过公共项目(如美国的医疗补助)承担。对痴呆症与年度医疗支出之间的关系进行了广泛的研究。相反,本文使用来自美国的具有全国代表性的纵向调查,即健康与退休研究,估计了可归因于痴呆症发作的累积终生医疗支出。终生支出是通过汇总小组报告的从 65 岁到死亡的任何自付费用医疗支出来估算的。删失案例使用称为拼接的非参数匹配算法进行估算。例如,最近一波的幸存者与年龄较大的队列中的相似个体相匹配,这些个体在相关年龄一直被观察到死亡。我们发现,在控制寿命、人口统计、终生收入和合并症后,那些患有痴呆症至少半年的人从 65 岁到死亡平均要多付 38,540 美元。痴呆症的费用几乎完全是由于在疗养院的支出。药物、看医生或医院的支出与痴呆症没有显着相关性。对于白人和富人来说,痴呆症的终生成本要高得多,这可能是因为他们使用更高质量的疗养院,并且因为他们在获得医疗补助支持之前有更多的财政资源可以花掉。我们发现,在控制寿命、人口统计、终生收入和合并症后,那些患有痴呆症至少半年的人从 65 岁到死亡平均要多付 38,540 美元。痴呆症的费用几乎完全是由于在疗养院的支出。药物、看医生或医院的支出与痴呆症没有显着相关性。对于白人和富人来说,痴呆症的终生成本要高得多,这可能是因为他们使用更高质量的疗养院,并且因为他们在获得医疗补助支持之前有更多的财政资源可以花掉。我们发现,在控制寿命、人口统计、终生收入和合并症后,那些患有痴呆症至少半年的人从 65 岁到死亡平均要多付 38,540 美元。痴呆症的费用几乎完全是由于在疗养院的支出。药物、看医生或医院的支出与痴呆症没有显着相关性。对于白人和富人来说,痴呆症的终生成本要高得多,这可能是因为他们使用更高质量的疗养院,并且因为他们在获得医疗补助支持之前有更多的财政资源可以花掉。痴呆症的费用几乎完全是由于在疗养院的支出。药物、看医生或医院的支出与痴呆症没有显着相关性。对于白人和富人来说,痴呆症的终生成本要高得多,这可能是因为他们使用更高质量的疗养院,并且因为他们在获得医疗补助支持之前有更多的财政资源可以花掉。痴呆症的费用几乎完全是由于在疗养院的支出。药物、看医生或医院的支出与痴呆症没有显着相关性。对于白人和富人来说,痴呆症的终生成本要高得多,这可能是因为他们使用更高质量的疗养院,并且因为他们在获得医疗补助支持之前有更多的财政资源可以花掉。
更新日期:2019-11-01
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