Pathologies of the optic nerve could result as primary insults in the visual tract or as secondary deficits due to inflammation, demyelination, or compressing effects of the surrounding tissue. The extent of damage may vary from mild to severe, differently affecting patient vision, with the most severe forms leading to complete uni‐ or bilateral visual loss. The aim of researchers and clinicians in the field is to alleviate the symptoms of these, yet uncurable pathologies, taking advantage of known and novel potential therapeutic approaches, alone or in combinations, and applying them in a limited time window after the insult. In this review, we discuss the epidemiological and clinical profile as well as the pathophysiological mechanisms of two main categories of optic nerve pathologies, namely traumatic optic neuropathy and optic neuritis, focusing on the demyelinating form of the latter. Moreover, we report on the main rodent models mimicking these pathologies or some of their clinical aspects. The current treatment options will also be reviewed and novel approaches will be discussed.

中文翻译：

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外伤性视神经病变和脱髓鞘性视神经炎的模型和治疗。

由于炎症，脱髓鞘或周围组织的压缩作用，视神经病变可能是视力的主要损伤或继发性缺陷。损害程度可能从轻度到重度不等，对患者视力的影响各不相同，最严重的形式会导致完全的单眼或双眼视力丧失。该领域的研究人员和临床医生的目的是利用已知的和新颖的潜在治疗方法（单独或组合使用）并在受到伤害后在有限的时间范围内使用，以减轻这些尚未治愈的病理学的症状。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了两种主要类型的视神经病理学（即创伤性视神经病变和视神经炎）的流行病学和临床概况以及病理生理机制，着重于后者的脱髓鞘形式。此外，我们报告了模仿这些病理或某些临床方面的主要啮齿动物模型。目前的治疗方案也将进行回顾，并讨论新颖的方法。