Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the breakdown of immune tolerance leading to excessive inflammation and tissue damage. Imbalance in the levels of cytokines represents one of the multifactorial causes of SLE pathogenesis and it contributes to disease severity. Deregulated levels of T helper type 1 (Th1), type 2 (Th2), and type 17 (Th17) cytokines have been associated with autoimmune inflammation. Growing evidence has shown deregulated levels of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines in SLE patients compared to healthy controls associated with disease activity and severity. In this review, we describe and discuss the levels of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines in SLE patients, and clinical trials involving Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines in SLE patients. In particular, with the exception of IL-2, IL-4, and TGF-β1, the levels of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines are increased in SLE patients associated with disease severity. Current phase II or III studies involve therapeutic antibodies targeting IFN-α and type I IFN receptor, while low-dose IL-2 therapy is assessed in phase II clinical trials.

中文翻译：

---

系统性红斑狼疮中的Th1，Th2和Th17细胞因子。

系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）是一种自身免疫性疾病，其特征是免疫耐受性下降，导致过度炎症和组织损伤。细胞因子水平的失衡代表SLE发病机理的多因素原因之一，并且加剧了疾病的严重程度。调节性水平的T辅助1型（Th1），2型（Th2）和17型（Th17）细胞因子与自身免疫性炎症相关。越来越多的证据表明，与健康对照组相比，SLE患者中Th1，Th2和Th17细胞因子的水平失调，与疾病活动和严重程度相关。在这篇综述中，我们描述和讨论了SLE患者Th1，Th2和Th17细胞因子的水平，以及涉及SLE患者Th1，Th2和Th17细胞因子的临床试验。特别是，除了IL-2，IL-4和TGF-β1，与疾病严重程度相关的SLE患者中Th1，Th2和Th17细胞因子的水平升高。当前的II或III期研究涉及靶向IFN-α和I型IFN受体的治疗性抗体，而低剂量IL-2治疗则在II期临床试验中进行评估。