Introduction. Over 1 million mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) cases are reported annually worldwide and may result in cognitive, physical, and emotional deterioration; depression; anxiety; and sleep problems. However, studies on long-term mTBI effects are limited. This study included 440 patients, and regular follow-ups of psychological assessments were performed for 2 years. Four questionnaires, including the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), Beck’s anxiety inventory (BAI), and Beck’s depression inventory (BDI), were used to evaluate sleep problems, daytime sleepiness, anxiety, and depression, respectively. Results show that BAI and BDI scores considerably improved at the 6th-week, 1st-year, and 2nd-year follow-ups compared to baseline, yet these remained significantly different. In addition, anxiety and depression were prominent symptoms in a select subgroup of patients with poor initial evaluations, which improved over the 2 years. However, the ESS and PSQI scores fluctuated only mildly over the same time span. In conclusion, the mTBI patients showed a gradual improvement of anxiety and depression over the 2 years following injury. While anxiety and depression levels for mTBI patients in general did not return to premorbid status, improvements were observed. Sleep disorders persisted and were consistent with initial levels of distress.

中文翻译：

---

轻度颅脑外伤后焦虑，抑郁和睡眠质量的心理测量评估：一项纵向研究。

介绍。全世界每年报告超过一百万例轻度创伤性脑损伤（mTBI）病例，可能导致认知，身体和情绪恶化；萧条; 焦虑; 和睡眠问题。但是，关于长期mTBI效应的研究是有限的。这项研究包括440名患者，并进行了为期2年的定期心理评估随访。包括匹兹堡睡眠质量指数（PSQI），爱泼华嗜睡量表（ESS），贝克焦虑量表（BAI）和贝克抑郁量表（BDI）在内的四份问卷用于评估睡眠问题，白天嗜睡，焦虑和抑郁，分别。结果表明，与基线相比，在第6周，第1年和第2年的随访中，BAI和BDI评分有显着提高，但仍存在显着差异。此外，在最初评估较差的特定患者亚组中，焦虑和抑郁是主要症状，在两年内有所改善。但是，在同一时间段内，ESS和PSQI分数仅轻微波动。总之，mTBI患者在受伤后的两年内显示出焦虑和抑郁的逐渐改善。虽然一般而言，mTBI患者的焦虑和抑郁水平未恢复到病前状态，但观察到有所改善。睡眠障碍持续存在，并与最初的困扰程度相符。在受伤后的2年中，mTBI患者表现出焦虑和抑郁的逐渐改善。虽然一般而言，mTBI患者的焦虑和抑郁水平未恢复到病前状态，但观察到有所改善。睡眠障碍持续存在，并与最初的困扰程度相符。在受伤后的2年中，mTBI患者表现出焦虑和抑郁的逐渐改善。虽然一般而言，mTBI患者的焦虑和抑郁水平未恢复到病前状态，但观察到有所改善。睡眠障碍持续存在，并与最初的困扰程度相符。