Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are becoming increasingly popular as treatments for physical and psychological problems. Recently, several studies have suggested that MBIs may also be effective in reducing symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Most studies have examined the effectiveness in children, but there are now a sufficient number of individual treatment trials to consider a systematic review in adults. Majority of existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses only consider ADHD symptoms as an outcome, and most of them do not fully report potential biases of included studies, thus limiting considerably their conclusions. This is an important facet because some studies could be found ineligible to be included in future analysis due to their low quality. In this systematic review, we followed the PRISMA/PICO criteria and we thoroughly assessed the risks of bias for each of the selected studies according to Cochrane guidelines. We searched the available literature concerning MBIs in adult participants with ADHD using PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, and ERIC databases. In total, 13 studies conducted with 753 adults (mean age of 35.1 years) were identified as eligible. Potential moderators such as participants’ age, ADHD subtypes, medication status, comorbidity, intervention length, mindfulness techniques, homework amount, and training of therapists were carefully described. Aside from measuring the symptoms of ADHD, outcome measures were categorized into executive/cognitive functioning, emotional disturbances, quality of life, mindfulness, and grade point average at school. According to presented descriptive results, all the studies (100%) showed improvement of ADHD symptoms. In addition, mindfulness meditation training improves some aspects of executive function and emotion dysregulation. Although these are promising findings to support treatment efficacy of MBIs for ADHD, various biases such as absence of randomization and lack of a control group may affect the actual clinical value and implications of the studies. Moreover, the relatively low quality of selection and performance criteria in several studies, as well as relatively high attrition bias across studies, call for caution before considering conducting further analysis.

中文翻译：

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基于正念的干预措施对注意力缺陷多动障碍成人的行为和认知影响：系统评价。

基于正念的干预措施（MBI）作为治疗身体和心理问题的方法越来越受欢迎。最近，一些研究表明 MBI 也可能有效减轻注意力缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD) 的症状。大多数研究都检查了儿童的有效性，但现在有足够数量的个体治疗试验可以考虑对成人进行系统评价。大多数现有的系统评价和荟萃分析仅将 ADHD 症状视为一种结果，并且大多数没有完全报告纳入研究的潜在偏差，从而在很大程度上限制了他们的结论。这是一个重要的方面，因为一些研究可能由于质量低而没有资格纳入未来的分析。在本次系统评价中，我们遵循 PRISMA/PICO 标准，并根据 Cochrane 指南彻底评估了每项选定研究的偏倚风险。我们使用 PsycINFO、PubMed、Scopus 和 ERIC 数据库检索了有关 ADHD 成人参与者 MBI 的现有文献。总共有 13 项针对 753 名成年人（平均年龄 35.1 岁）的研究被确定为合格。潜在的调节因素，如参与者的年龄、多动症亚型、药物状况、合并症、干预长度、正念技巧、家庭作业量和治疗师的培训都被仔细描述。除了测量多动症的症状外，结果测量还分为执行/认知功能、情绪障碍、生活质量、正念和在校平均成绩。根据所提供的描述性结果，所有研究（100%）均显示 ADHD 症状有所改善。此外，正念冥想训练可以改善执行功能和情绪失调的某些方面。尽管这些结果有希望支持 MBI 对 ADHD 的治疗功效，但各种偏差（例如缺乏随机化和缺乏对照组）可能会影响研究的实际临床价值和意义。此外，多项研究中选择和绩效标准的质量相对较低，以及研究之间的损耗偏倚相对较高，因此在考虑进行进一步分析之前应谨慎行事。