Mammalian genes and genomes have been shaped by ancient and ongoing challenges from viruses. These genetic imprints can be identified via evolutionary analyses to reveal fundamental details about when (how old), where (which protein domains), and how (what are the functional consequences of adaptive changes) host-virus arms races alter the proteins involved. Just as extreme amino acid conservation can serve to identify key immutable residues in enzymes, positively selected residues point to molecular recognition interfaces between host and viral proteins that have adapted and counter-adapted in a long series of classical Red Queen conflicts. Common rules for the strategies employed by both hosts and viruses have emerged from case studies of innate immunity genes in primates. We are now poised to use these rules to transition from a retrospective view of host-virus arms races to specific predictions about which host genes face pathogen antagonism and how those genetic conflicts transform host and virus evolution.

中文翻译：

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参与规则：宿主病毒军备竞赛的分子见解。


哺乳动物的基因和基因组是由古老且持续的病毒挑战所塑造的。这些遗传印记可以通过进化分析来识别，以揭示宿主病毒军备竞赛何时（多大）、何处（哪些蛋白质结构域）以及如何（适应性变化的功能后果是什么）改变相关蛋白质的基本细节。正如极端的氨基酸保守性可以用来识别酶中关键的不可变残基一样，积极选择的残基指向宿主和病毒蛋白质之间的分子识别界面，这些蛋白质在一系列经典的红皇后冲突中已经适应和反适应。宿主和病毒所采用策略的共同规则是从灵长类动物先天免疫基因的案例研究中得出的。我们现在准备利用这些规则从宿主病毒军备竞赛的回顾性观点过渡到具体预测哪些宿主基因面临病原体拮抗以及这些遗传冲突如何改变宿主和病毒的进化。