Over the past 20 years, and particularly in the last decade, significant developmental milestones have driven basic, translational, and clinical advances in the field of stem cell and regenerative medicine. In this article, we provide a systemic overview of the major recent discoveries in this exciting and rapidly developing field. We begin by discussing experimental advances in the generation and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), next moving to the maintenance of stem cells in different culture types, and finishing with a discussion of three-dimensional (3D) cell technology and future stem cell applications. Specifically, we highlight the following crucial domains: 1) sources of pluripotent cells; 2) next-generation in vivo direct reprogramming technology; 3) cell types derived from PSCs and the influence of genetic memory; 4) induction of pluripotency with genomic modifications; 5) construction of vectors with reprogramming factor combinations; 6) enhancing pluripotency with small molecules and genetic signaling pathways; 7) induction of cell reprogramming by RNA signaling; 8) induction and enhancement of pluripotency with chemicals; 9) maintenance of pluripotency and genomic stability in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs); 10) feeder-free and xenon-free culture environments; 11) biomaterial applications in stem cell biology; 12) three-dimensional (3D) cell technology; 13) 3D bioprinting; 14) downstream stem cell applications; and 15) current ethical issues in stem cell and regenerative medicine. This review, encompassing the fundamental concepts of regenerative medicine, is intended to provide a comprehensive portrait of important progress in stem cell research and development. Innovative technologies and real-world applications are emphasized for readers interested in the exciting, promising, and challenging field of stem cells and those seeking guidance in planning future research direction.

中文翻译：

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多能干细胞的进展：历史、机制、技术和应用。


在过去的 20 年中，特别是在过去的十年中，重大的发展里程碑推动了干细胞和再生医学领域的基础、转化和临床进展。在本文中，我们系统概述了这个令人兴奋且快速发展的领域的最新主要发现。我们首先讨论多能干细胞 (PSC) 生成和分化的实验进展，接下来讨论不同培养类型中干细胞的维持，最后讨论三维 (3D) 细胞技术和未来干细胞应用程序。具体来说，我们强调以下关键领域：1）多能细胞的来源； 2）下一代体内直接重编程技术3）PSC衍生的细胞类型和遗传记忆的影响； 4) 通过基因组修饰诱导多能性； 5) 构建具有重编程因子组合的载体； 6）利用小分子和遗传信号通路增强多能性； 7) 通过RNA信号传导诱导细胞重编程； 8）用化学物质诱导和增强多能性； 9) 维持诱导多能干细胞（iPSC）的多能性和基因组稳定性； 10）无饲养层、无氙气的培养环境； 11）生物材料在干细胞生物学中的应用； 12）三维（3D）细胞技术； 13）3D生物打印； 14）下游干细胞应用； 15）当前干细胞和再生医学的伦理问题。这篇综述涵盖了再生医学的基本概念，旨在全面描述干细胞研究和开发的重要进展。 本书强调创新技术和实际应用，面向对令人兴奋、有前途和具有挑战性的干细胞领域感兴趣的读者以及寻求规划未来研究方向指导的读者。