Little is known about postprandial release of serum ghrelin, glucagon, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in relation with differing fasting insulin levels. We hypothesized that these hormones are affected by insulin resistance, and hence, we compared different postprandial responses of GLP-1, glucagon, and ghrelin in subjects with relatively high (RHI) or relatively low (RLI) fasting insulin levels. The trial was a randomized crossover study with 4 different meal conditions. Fourteen nonobese or obese, healthy, men and 14 women were randomly assigned to the order of supervised intake of a 750 kcal drink with the same protein contents but with 20 energy-percent (E%) or 55 E% from carbohydrates, and the remaining energy from fat. Participants were also randomized to consume the drinks as 1 large beverage or as five 150-kcal portions every 30 minutes. The 28 subjects were divided into 2 equally sized groups based on fasting insulin levels. Statistics were done with general linear mixed model. Fasting insulin levels were 3-fold higher in the group with RHI compared with the RLI group (RHI: 1004 ± 510 pg/mL, RLI: 324 ± 123 pg/mL, P < .0005). Serum GLP-1 was highest in the RHI group after both single meals and after 5 drinks and following high- and low-carbohydrate meals (both P ≤ .002), and this was the case also for glucagon levels (both P ≤ .018), whereas ghrelin levels did not differ between groups. Thus, subjects with RHI displayed both higher postprandial serum GLP-1 and glucagon than the participants with RLI, suggesting that glucagon could play a role in the advent of dysglycemia by insulin resistance.

中文翻译：

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空腹胰岛素水平高的受试者的餐后 GLP-1 和胰高血糖素水平也高于胰岛素水平较低的对照组

关于餐后释放的血清生长素释放肽、胰高血糖素和胰高血糖素样肽-1 (GLP-1) 与不同空腹胰岛素水平之间的关系知之甚少。我们假设这些激素受胰岛素抵抗的影响，因此，我们比较了空腹胰岛素水平相对较高 (RHI) 或相对较低 (RLI) 的受试者的 GLP-1、胰高血糖素和生长素释放肽的不同餐后反应。该试验是一项随机交叉研究，有 4 种不同的膳食条件。14 名非肥胖或肥胖、健康的男性和 14 名女性被随机分配到监督摄入 750 kcal 饮料的顺序，该饮料具有相同的蛋白质含量但 20 能量百分比 (E%) 或 55 E% 来自碳水化合物，其余的来自脂肪的能量。参与者还被随机分配为每 30 分钟喝 1 杯大饮料或 5 份 150 卡路里的饮料。根据空腹胰岛素水平，将 28 名受试者分为 2 个大小相同的组。统计采用一般线性混合模型。与 RLI 组相比，RHI 组的空腹胰岛素水平高 3 倍（RHI：1004 ± 510 pg/mL，RLI：324 ± 123 pg/mL，P < .0005）。RHI 组的血清 GLP-1 在单餐和 5 次饮酒后以及高碳水化合物和低碳水化合物餐后（均 P ≤ .002）最高，胰高血糖素水平也是如此（均 P ≤ .018 )，而各组之间的生长素释放肽水平没有差异。因此，RHI 受试者的餐后血清 GLP-1 和胰高血糖素水平高于 RLI 受试者，