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A sense of place, many times over - pattern formation and evolution of repetitive morphological structures.
Developmental Dynamics ( IF 2.0 ) Pub Date : 2019-11-22 , DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.131
Emmanuelle Grall 1 , Patrick Tschopp 1
Affiliation  

Fifty years ago, Lewis Wolpert introduced the concept of "positional information" to explain how patterns form in a multicellular embryonic field. Using morphogen gradients, whose continuous distributions of positional values are discretized via thresholds into distinct cellular states, he provided, at the theoretical level, an elegant solution to the "French Flag problem." In the intervening years, many experimental studies have lent support to Wolpert's ideas. However, the embryonic patterning of highly repetitive morphological structures, as often occurring in nature, can reveal limitations in the strict implementation of his initial theory, given the number of distinct threshold values that would have to be specified. Here, we review how positional information is complemented to circumvent these inadequacies, to accommodate tissue growth and pattern periodicity. In particular, we focus on functional anatomical assemblies composed of such structures, like the vertebrate spine or tetrapod digits, where the resulting segmented architecture is intrinsically linked to periodic pattern formation and unidirectional growth. These systems integrate positional information and growth with additional patterning cues that, we suggest, increase robustness and evolvability. We discuss different experimental and theoretical models to study such patterning systems, and how the underlying processes are modulated over evolutionary timescales to enable morphological diversification.

中文翻译:

位置感,多次重复图案的形成和重复形态结构的演变。

五十年前,刘易斯·沃尔珀特(Lewis Wolpert)引入了“位置信息”的概念,以解释模式在多细胞胚胎场中如何形成。他使用形态发生剂梯度,通过阈值将位置值的连续分布离散化为不同的细胞态,从而在理论上为“法国国旗问题”提供了一种优雅的解决方案。在随后的几年中,许多实验研究为沃尔珀特的思想提供了支持。但是,自然界中经常出现的高度重复的形态结构的胚胎模式可以揭示出在严格执行他的初始理论方面的局限性,因为必须指定不同的阈值。在这里,我们回顾了如何补充位置信息以规避这些不足,适应组织生长和图案周期性。特别是,我们专注于由此类结构组成的功能性解剖组件,例如脊椎动物的脊柱或四足动物的手指,其中生成的分段体系结构固有地与周期性模式形成和单向生长相关。这些系统将位置信息和增长与其他模式提示集成在一起,我们建议这些模式提示可以提高鲁棒性和可扩展性。我们讨论了不同的实验和理论模型来研究这种构图系统,以及如何在进化的时间尺度上调节潜在过程以实现形态多样化。其中生成的分段架构本质上与周期性模式形成和单向增长相关。这些系统将位置信息和增长与其他模式提示集成在一起,我们建议这些模式提示可以提高鲁棒性和可扩展性。我们讨论了不同的实验和理论模型来研究这种构图系统,以及如何在进化的时间尺度上调节潜在过程以实现形态多样化。其中生成的分段架构本质上与周期性模式形成和单向增长相关。这些系统将位置信息和增长与其他模式提示集成在一起,我们建议这些模式提示可以提高鲁棒性和可扩展性。我们讨论了不同的实验和理论模型来研究这种构图系统,以及如何在进化的时间尺度上调节潜在过程以实现形态多样化。
更新日期:2020-03-27
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