Nipah (Nee-pa) viral disease is a zoonotic infection caused by Nipah virus (NiV), a paramyxovirus belonging to the genus Henipavirus of the family Paramyxoviridae. It is a biosafety level-4 pathogen, which is transmitted by specific types of fruit bats, mainly Pteropus spp. which are natural reservoir host. The disease was reported for the first time from the Kampung Sungai Nipah village of Malaysia in 1998. Human-to-human transmission also occurs. Outbreaks have been reported also from other countries in South and Southeast Asia. Phylogenetic analysis affirmed the circulation of two major clades of NiV as based on currently available complete N and G gene sequences. NiV isolates from Malaysia and Cambodia clustered together in NiV-MY clade, whereas isolates from Bangladesh and India clusterered within NiV-BD clade. NiV isolates from Thailand harboured mixed population of sequences. In humans, the virus is responsible for causing rapidly progressing severe illness which might be characterized by severe respiratory illness and/or deadly encephalitis. In pigs below six months of age, respiratory illness along with nervous symptoms may develop. Different types of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays along with molecular methods based on polymerase chain reaction have been developed for diagnostic purposes. Due to the expensive nature of the antibody drugs, identification of broad-spectrum antivirals is essential along with focusing on small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). High pathogenicity of NiV in humans, and lack of vaccines or therapeutics to counter this disease have attracted attention of researchers worldwide for developing effective NiV vaccine and treatment regimens.

中文翻译：

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尼帕病毒：流行病学、病理学、免疫生物学和诊断进展、疫苗设计和控制策略——全面综述。

尼帕（Nee-pa）病毒病是由尼帕病毒（NiV）引起的人畜共患感染，尼帕病毒是副粘病毒科亨尼帕病毒属的一种副粘病毒。它是一种生物安全四级病原体，由特定类型的果蝠传播，主要是狐蝠属。是天然的储存宿主。1998年，马来西亚甘榜双溪尼帕村首次报告该病，并出现人传人现象。南亚和东南亚其他国家也报告了疫情暴发。根据目前可用的完整 N 和 G 基因序列，系统发育分析证实了 NiV 两个主要分支的循环。来自马来西亚和柬埔寨的 NiV 分离株聚集在 NiV-MY 进化枝中，而来自孟加拉国和印度的分离株聚集在 NiV-BD 进化枝中。来自泰国的 NiV 分离株含有混合序列群。在人类中，该病毒会引起迅速进展的严重疾病，其特征可能是严重呼吸道疾病和/或致命脑炎。六个月以下的猪可能会出现呼吸道疾病和神经症状。不同类型的酶联免疫吸附测定以及基于聚合酶链反应的分子方法已被开发用于诊断目的。由于抗体药物价格昂贵，因此鉴定广谱抗病毒药物以及关注小干扰 RNA (siRNA) 至关重要。NiV 对人类的高致病性以及缺乏对抗这种疾病的疫苗或治疗方法引起了全世界研究人员的关注，以开发有效的 NiV 疫苗和治疗方案。