The development and wiring of the central nervous system is a remarkable biological process that starts with the generation of and interaction between a large diversity of cell types. Our understanding of the developmental logic that drives cellular diversification in the mammalian brain comes, to a large extent, from studies in rodents. However, identifying the unique cellular processes underlying primate corticogenesis has been slow, due to the challenges associated with directly observing and manipulating brain tissue from these species. Recent technological advances in two areas hold promise to accelerate discovery of the mechanisms that govern human brain development, evolution, and pathophysiology of disease. Molecular profiling of large numbers of single cells can now capture cell identity and cell states within a complex tissue. Furthermore, modeling aspects of human organogenesis in vitro, even for tissues as complex as the brain, has been advanced by the use of three-dimensional organoid systems. Here, we describe how these approaches have been applied to date and how they promise to uncover the principles of cell diversification in the developing human brain.

中文翻译：

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人类大脑皮质中的细胞多样性：从胚胎到脑器官。

中枢神经系统的发育和连接是一个了不起的生物学过程，始于多种细胞类型的产生和相互作用。我们对驱动哺乳动物大脑中细胞多样化的发育逻辑的理解很大程度上来自啮齿动物的研究。但是，由于与直接观察和操纵这些物种的脑组织有关的挑战，因此识别灵长类动物皮质发生的独特细胞过程一直很缓慢。在两个领域的最新技术进步有望加速发现控制人类大脑发育，进化和疾病病理生理的机制。现在，大量单个细胞的分子谱分析可以捕获复杂组织中的细胞身份和细胞状态。此外，通过使用三维类器官系统，已经在体外对人体器官发生的各个方面进行建模，甚至对于像大脑这样复杂的组织也是如此。在这里，我们描述了迄今为止如何应用这些方法，以及它们如何有望揭示人类大脑发育过程中细胞多样化的原理。