There are now many reports of human kidney organoids generated via the directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) based on an existing understanding of mammalian kidney organogenesis. Such kidney organoids potentially represent tractable tools for the study of normal human development and disease with improvements in scale, structure, and functional maturation potentially providing future options for renal regeneration. The utility of such organotypic models, however, will ultimately be determined by their developmental accuracy. While initially inferred from mouse models, recent transcriptional analyses of human fetal kidney have provided greater insight into nephrogenesis. In this review, we discuss how well human kidney organoids model the human fetal kidney and how the remaining differences challenge their utility.

中文翻译：

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肾脏类器官：准确的模型或幸运的意外。

现在有许多关于基于对哺乳动物肾脏器官发生的现有了解，通过人类多能干细胞（PSC）定向分化生成人类肾脏类器官的报道。这种肾脏类器官可能成为研究正常人类发育和疾病的易于处理的工具，其规模、结构和功能成熟度的改善可能为肾脏再生提供未来的选择。然而，这种器官模型的实用性最终将取决于它们的发育准确性。虽然最初是从小鼠模型推断的，但最近对人类胎儿肾脏的转录分析为肾发生提供了更深入的了解。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了人类肾脏类器官如何很好地模拟人类胎儿肾脏，以及其余的差异如何挑战它们的实用性。