Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) has been extensively exploited in the behavioral and physiological toxicology studies of drugs. Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant drug largely used in liver and renal transplantations. Here we found that a 7-day exposure of male B. splendens to concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1 µg/mL Prograf® (tacrolimus) caused alterations in aggression and immunity indexes. Tacrolimus exposed fish presented lower opercular display in a mirror test which is indicative of reduced aggression. In addition, serum levels of lysozyme, IgM, alternative complement, and bactericidal activity of subjects exposed to 0.1 µg/mL tacrolimus were lower than those from the control treatment. These results showed the behavioral impairment and immunotoxic impacts of tacrolimus in a model of aquatic toxicology. The results suggest fishes provide a possible model for better understanding of the drug action in vertebrates, and possible consequences for the environment via its effects on non-target organisms in an ecotoxicology context.

中文翻译：

---

Prograf®（他克莫司）对雄性暹罗斗鱼的行为和免疫毒性作用。

暹罗斗鱼（Betta splendens）已在药物的行为和生理毒理学研究中得到广泛利用。他克莫司是一种免疫抑制剂，主要用于肝和肾移植。在这里，我们发现雄性芽孢杆菌7天暴露于0.05和0.1 µg / mLPrograf®（他克莫司）的浓度会引起攻击性和免疫指数的变化。他克莫司暴露的鱼在镜检中表现出较低的眼动显示，这表明侵略性降低。此外，暴露于0.1 µg / mL他克莫司的受试者的溶菌酶，IgM，替代补体和杀菌活性的血清水平低于对照治疗的受试者。这些结果显示了他克莫司在水生毒理学模型中的行为损害和免疫毒性影响。