Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of highly conserved pattern recognition receptors that can recognize both pathogen-associated molecular patterns and danger-associated molecular patterns. These receptors are important in the activation of the innate immune system and play a role in shaping the adaptive immune system. For years, the expression of TLRs in the brain has been proposed to contribute to the immunological protection of the central nervous system. However, emerging studies have provided increasing evidence of non-immune functions of TLRs and suggest that these receptors may participate in more complex processes that extend beyond the regulation of the innate immune response. In this review, we highlight the expression of TLRs in non-immune cells and epitomize TLR non-immune functions. We aim to reveal the novel roles of TLRs that are distinct from their traditional functions in immunity. Negative regulatory approaches used to study TLR signaling pathways are also discussed, providing potential directions for further studies.

中文翻译：

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小型审查：收费受体的非免疫功能。

Toll样受体（TLR）是一类高度保守的模式识别受体，可以识别与病原体相关的分子模式和与危险相关的分子模式。这些受体在先天免疫系统的激活中很重要，并在形成适应性免疫系统中发挥作用。多年来，已经提出了在脑中TLR的表达有助于中枢神经系统的免疫学保护。但是，新兴研究已经提供了越来越多的TLR非免疫功能证据，并表明这些受体可能参与更复杂的过程，其作用超出了先天免疫反应的调控范围。在这篇综述中，我们着重介绍了TLR在非免疫细胞中的表达，并概括了TLR非免疫功能。我们旨在揭示TLR的新颖作用，这些作用不同于其传统的免疫功能。还讨论了用于研究TLR信号通路的负调控方法，为进一步研究提供了可能的方向。