Rockhopper penguins are delimited as 2 species, the northern rockhopper (Eudyptes moseleyi) and the southern rockhopper (Eudyptes chrysocome), with the latter comprising 2 subspecies, the western rockhopper (Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome) and the eastern rockhopper (Eudyptes chrysocome filholi). We conducted a phylogeographic study using multilocus data from 114 individuals sampled across 12 colonies from the entire range of the northern/southern rockhopper complex to assess potential population structure, gene flow, and species limits. Bayesian and likelihood methods with nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, including model testing and heuristic approaches, support E. moseleyi and E. chrysocome as distinct species lineages with a divergence time of 0.97 Ma. However, these analyses also indicated the presence of gene flow between these species. Among southern rockhopper subspecies, we found evidence of significant gene flow and heuristic approaches to species delimitation based on the genealogical diversity index failed to delimit them as species. The best-supported population models for the southern rockhoppers were those where E. c. chrysocome and E. c. filholi were combined into a single lineage or 2 lineages with bidirectional gene flow. Additionally, we found that E. c. filholi has the highest effective population size while E. c. chrysocome showed similar effective population size to that of the endangered E. moseleyi. We suggest that the current taxonomic definitions within rockhopper penguins be upheld and that E. chrysocome populations, all found south of the subtropical front, should be treated as a single taxon with distinct management units for E. c. chrysocome and E. c. filholi.

中文翻译：

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跳岩企鹅（Eudyptes chrysocome 和 Eudyptes moseleyi）的系统地理学、种群结构和物种划分

跳岩企鹅被划分为2种，北部跳岩企鹅（Eudyptes moseleyi）和南部跳岩企鹅（Eudyptes chrysocome），后者包括2个亚种，西部跳岩企鹅（Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome）和东部跳岩企鹅（Eudyptes filholi）。我们使用来自北/南跳岩复合体整个范围内 12 个菌落的 114 个个体的多位点数据进行了系统地理学研究，以评估潜在的种群结构、基因流和物种限制。使用核和线粒体 DNA 的贝叶斯和似然方法，包括模型测试和启发式方法，支持 E. moseleyi 和 E. chrysocome 作为不同的物种谱系，分歧时间为 0.97 Ma。然而，这些分析也表明这些物种之间存在基因流动。在南部跳岩亚种中，我们发现显着的基因流证据和基于谱系多样性指数的启发式物种划界方法未能将它们划定为物种。南部跳岩虫的最佳支持种群模型是那些 E. c. chrysocom 和 E. c. filholi 被组合成一个单一的谱系或具有双向基因流的 2 个谱系。此外，我们发现 E. c. filholi 的有效种群规模最大，而 E. c. chrysocome 显示出与濒临灭绝的 E. moseleyi 相似的有效种群规模。我们建议支持跳岩企鹅目前的分类学定义，并且所有在亚热带锋以南发现的 E. chrysocome 种群应被视为具有不同管理单位的单一分类群 E. c. chrysocom 和 E. c.