Polyspermy in angiosperms: Its contribution to polyploid formation and speciation.,Molecular Reproduction and Development

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Polyspermy in angiosperms: Its contribution to polyploid formation and speciation.
Molecular Reproduction and Development ( IF 2.7 ) Pub Date : 2019-11-17 , DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23295
Erika Toda ₁ , Takashi Okamoto ₁

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Polyploidization has played a major role in the long-term diversification and evolutionary success of angiosperms. Triploid formation among diploid plants, which is generally considered to be achieved by fertilization of an unreduced gamete with a reduced one, has been accepted as a means of polyploid production. In addition, it has been supposed that polyspermy also contributes to the triploid formation in maize, wheat, and some orchids; however, such a mechanism has been considered uncommon because reproducing the polyspermic situation and unambiguously investigating developmental profiles of polyspermic zygotes are difficult. To overcome these problems, rice polyspermic zygotes have been successfully produced by electrofusion of an egg cell with two sperm cells, and their developmental profiles have been monitored. The triploid zygotes progress through karyogamy and divide into two-celled embryos via a typical bipolar mitotic division; the two-celled embryos further develop into triploid plants, indicating that polyspermic plant zygotes, unlike those of animals, can develop normally. Furthermore, progenies consisting of triparental genetic materials have been successfully obtained in Arabidopsis through the pollination of two different kinds of male parents with a female parent. These different pieces of evidence for development and emergence of polyspermic zygotes in vitro and in planta suggest that polyspermy is a key event in polyploidization and species diversification.

中文翻译：

被子植物中的多精子：对多倍体形成和物种形成的贡献。

多倍体化在被子植物的长期多样化和进化成功中起着重要作用。通常认为二倍体植物之间的三倍体形成是多倍体生产的一种手段，该过程通常是通过未还原配子的还原而获得的。另外，据推测，多精子还可以促进玉米，小麦和某些兰花中三倍体的形成。然而，这种机制被认为是罕见的，因为难以再现多精子情况并且难以明确研究多精子合子的发育概况。为了克服这些问题，已经通过将卵细胞与两个精子细胞电融合成功地制备了水稻多精子合子，并且已经监测了它们的发育概况。三倍体合子通过核配子而进展，并通过典型的双极有丝分裂分裂成两细胞胚胎。两细胞胚胎进一步发育成三倍体植物，这表明多精子植物合子与动物不同，可以正常发育。此外，通过将两种不同类型的雄性亲本与雌性亲本授粉，在拟南芥中成功获得了由三亲遗传材料组成的后代。这些关于在体外和植物中多精子合子的发育和出现的不同证据表明，多精子是多倍体化和物种多样化的关键事件。这表明与动物不同，多精子植物合子可以正常发育。此外，通过将两种不同类型的雄性亲本与雌性亲本授粉，在拟南芥中成功获得了由三亲遗传材料组成的后代。这些关于在体外和植物中多精子合子发育和出现的不同证据表明，多精子是多倍体化和物种多样化的关键事件。这表明与动物不同，多精子植物合子可以正常发育。此外，通过将两种不同类型的雄性亲本与雌性亲本授粉，在拟南芥中成功获得了由三亲遗传材料组成的后代。这些关于在体外和植物中多精子合子发育和出现的不同证据表明，多精子是多倍体化和物种多样化的关键事件。

更新日期：2020-04-13

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