BACKGROUND Ulmus davidiana (UD) is a traditional Korean herb medicine that is used to treat inflammatory disorders. UD has been shown to modulate a number of inflammatory processes in vitro or in vivo studies. However, the molecular mechanisms of UD on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury remain to be understood. OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this study is to determine the effect of UD bark water extract on LPS-induced immune responses and lung injury using both in vitro and in vivo models. METHODS RAW 264.7 cells and a rat model of acute lung injury (ALI) were used to study the effects of UD on several parameters. Nitrite level, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were measured. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and plasma transaminase activities in blood were also determined. Pathological investigations were also performed. RESULTS LPS infusion resulted in elevated IL-1β mRNA expression, nitrite levels, TNF-α expression, and IL-1β expression in RAW 264.7 cells. LPS infusion also increased levels of nitrite/nitrate, total protein, LDH, and TNF-α in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, but reduced SOD levels in ex vivo and in vivo models. UD administration ameliorated all these inflammatory markers. In particular, treatment with UD reduced LPS-induced nitrite production in RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. UD treatment also counteracted the LPS-induced increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) activity in rat plasma, leading to a significant reduction in ALT and AST activity. CONCLUSIONS The results revealed that UD treatment reduces LPS-induced nitrite production, IL-1β mRNA expression, and TNF-α expression. In addition, LPS-induced decrease in SOD level is significantly elevated by UD administration. These results indicate that UD extract merits consideration as a potential drug for treating and/or preventing ALI.

中文翻译：

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口服榆树提取物可抑制LPS诱导的免疫反应和肺损伤中白介素1β的表达。

背景技术榆（Ulmus davidiana）（UD）是一种传统的韩国草药，用于治疗炎症性疾病。在体外或体内研究中，UD已被证明可调节许多炎症过程。但是，UD对脂多糖（LPS）诱导的急性肺损伤的分子机制仍有待了解。目的本研究的主要目的是使用体内和体外模型确定UD树皮水提取物对LPS诱导的免疫反应和肺损伤的影响。方法采用RAW 264.7细胞和大鼠急性肺损伤（ALI）模型研究UD对几种参数的影响。测量亚硝酸盐水平，乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）水平和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性。肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α），白介素-1β（IL-1β），还测定了血液中的血浆转氨酶活性。还进行了病理检查。结果LPS输注导致RAW 264.7细胞中IL-1βmRNA表达，亚硝酸盐水平，TNF-α表达和IL-1β表达升高。LPS输注还增加了支气管肺泡灌洗液中亚硝酸盐/硝酸盐，总蛋白，LDH和TNF-α的水平，但在离体和体内模型中降低了SOD的水平。UD给药改善了所有这些炎症标记。特别地，用UD处理以剂量依赖性方式减少了RAW 264.7细胞中LPS诱导的亚硝酸盐产生。UD处理还抵消了LPS诱导的大鼠血浆丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）和天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）活性增加，导致ALT和AST活性显着降低。结论结果表明，UD处理可降低LPS诱导的亚硝酸盐生成，IL-1βmRNA表达和TNF-α表达。另外，通过UD施用，LPS诱导的SOD水平的降低显着升高。这些结果表明，UD提取物值得考虑作为治疗和/或预防ALI的潜在药物。