Maternal stress, such as a bacterial infection occurring in late gestation, may predispose offspring to a variety of diseases later in life. It may also alter programming of developing systems within the fetus, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and immune system. Dietary supplementation during the last trimester of pregnancy with immune-modulating compounds may be a means of reducing potential adverse effects of maternal stress on the developing fetus. Essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) such as docosahexanoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentanoic acid are well-known for their immune-modulating and anti-inflammatory properties. Sources of these n-3 PUFA include fish products such as fish oil and microalgae, which may be a suitable alternative to fish-based products. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of supplementing gestating sow diets with n-3 PUFA and inducing an immune stress challenge in late gestation on piglet growth and immune responsiveness when placed on either a high- or low-quality protein diet after weaning. Forty-eight sows were fed gestation diets containing either 3.12% microalgae, 3.1% fish oil or a corn oil control diet containing 1.89% corn oil starting on gestation day (gd) 75. On gd112, half the sows in each treatment were immune stress challenged with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin (10 μg/kg administered i.m). After farrowing, piglet BW gain was monitored weekly during lactation and pigs were weaned at 21 days of age. One week after weaning, four piglets per sow were immune stress challenged with LPS (40 μg/kg administered i.m.). At the same time, four piglets per sow were vaccinated with the novel antigens chicken ovalbumin (OVA) and Candida cellular antigen (CAA) and received booster vaccinations two weeks later. Four weeks after the initial vaccination, a transdermal hypersensitivity immune challenge was performed using the same antigens. Blood samples were also collected to quantify IgG antibody responses to both antigens. PUFA enrichment in sow blood and piglet brain was detected after sows were on feed for 40 days. Piglet growth was increased in pigs fed a high-quality diet in nursery phase 1. Concentrations of the cytokines IL-1ra, IL-6 and IL-10 were elevated in pigs fed a high-quality protein diet following LPS immune challenge. Overall, it appears that in the current study piglet nursery diet quality was more important for determining piglet health and growth than maternal diet and immune stress.

中文翻译：

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后期妊娠母猪补充微藻及其对断奶仔猪健康状况的影响，断奶仔猪饲喂高蛋白或低质量蛋白质来源的日粮。

母亲的压力，例如在妊娠后期发生细菌感染，可能使后代在以后的生活中易患多种疾病。它还可能会改变胎儿发育系统的程序，例如下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（HPA）轴和免疫系统。在妊娠的最后三个月期间，通过免疫调节化合物补充饮食可能是减少母体压力对发育中胎儿的潜在不利影响的一种手段。必需的omega-3多不饱和脂肪酸（n-3 PUFA），例如二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）和二十碳五烯酸因其免疫调节和抗炎特性而闻名。这些n-3 PUFA的来源包括鱼产品，例如鱼油和微藻，它们可能是鱼类产品的合适替代品。这项研究的目的是确定在断奶后饲喂高品质或低品质蛋白质饲料时，在妊娠母猪日粮中添加n-3 PUFA并在后期妊娠中诱导免疫应激挑战对仔猪生长和免疫应答的影响。 。从妊娠第75天开始，向48只母猪饲喂含3.12％微藻，3.1％鱼油或含1.89％玉米油的玉米饲喂日粮。在gd112上，每种处理的一半母猪都具有免疫应激用细菌脂多糖（LPS）内毒素攻击（10μg/ kg即时给药）。分娩后，在泌乳期间每周监测仔猪体重增加，并在21日龄断奶。断奶后一周，每头母猪四头仔猪接受LPS免疫免疫应激（40μg/ kg im施用）。与此同时，每头母猪给四只小猪接种新抗原鸡卵白蛋白（OVA）和念珠菌细胞抗原（CAA），并在两周后接受加强免疫。初次接种疫苗后四周，使用相同的抗原进行了透皮超敏免疫攻击。还收集血样以定量对两种抗原的IgG抗体反应。母猪饲喂40天后，检测到母猪血液和仔猪脑中的PUFA富集。在LPS免疫激发后，饲喂高品质日粮的猪仔猪的生长增加，而饲喂高品质蛋白日粮的猪中细胞因子IL-1ra，IL-6和IL-10的浓度升高。总体，