Flow cytometry immunophenotyping is essential for diagnosis, classification and monitoring of clonal hematopoietic diseases, particularly of hematological malignancies and primary immunodeficiencies. Optimal use of immunophenotyping for these purposes requires detailed knowledge about the phenotypic patterns of normal hematopoietic cells.

In the past few decades, flow cytometry has benefited from technological developments allowing simultaneous analysis of multiple antigen stainings with ≥3–35 distinct fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies for increasingly higher numbers of cells. These advances have contributed to expand our knowledge about the phenotypic differentiation profiles of normal hematopoietic cells, from uncommitted CD34⁺ precursors in the bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB), to the several hundreds of populations of circulating myeloid and (B and T) lymphoid cells identified so far. Detailed dissection of the normal phenotypic profiles of hematopoietic cells has settled the basis for identification of aberrant phenotypes on leukemia and lymphoma cells. Thus, it has contributed to: i) more sensitive identification of leukemia/lymphoma cells (especially when represented at low frequencies in a sample), and ii) more accurate classification of hematological malignancies. In this manuscript, we review the major phenotypic features of hematopoietic cells, from the more immature BM CD34⁺ precursors committed to the myeloid and lymphoid lineages toward mature hematopoietic cells circulating in PB (e.g. neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, erythroid cells, and B- and T-cells) and those homing to other tissues (e.g. plasma cells, mast cells).

流式细胞术免疫表型对于克隆性造血疾病的诊断、分类和监测至关重要，尤其是血液系统恶性肿瘤和原发性免疫缺陷。为这些目的优化使用免疫表型需要详细了解正常造血细胞的表型模式。

在过去的几十年中，流式细胞术受益于技术发展，允许同时分析多个抗原染色，使用≥3-35 种不同的荧光染料偶联抗体，用于越来越多的细胞。这些进展有助于扩大我们对正常造血细胞表型分化谱的了解，从未提交的 CD34 ⁺骨髓 (BM) 和外周血 (PB) 中的前体细胞，以及迄今为止鉴定的数百个循环骨髓和（B 和 T）淋巴细胞群。对造血细胞正常表型谱的详细解剖奠定了鉴定白血病和淋巴瘤细胞异常表型的基础。因此，它有助于：i) 更敏感地识别白血病/淋巴瘤细胞（尤其是在样本中以低频率表示时），以及 ii) 更准确地分类血液恶性肿瘤。在这篇手稿中，我们回顾了造血细胞的主要表型特征，来自更不成熟的 BM CD34 ⁺致力于骨髓和淋巴谱系的前体朝向在 PB 中循环的成熟造血细胞（例如中性粒细胞、单核细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、树突细胞、红细胞以及 B 细胞和 T 细胞）以及归巢于其他组织的那些细胞（例如浆细胞、肥大细胞）。