Intracellular pathogens such as HIV, hepatitis B virus, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are responsible for millions of deaths worldwide and represent major obstacles to global health. Current treatment options have improved patient outcomes and extended life-expectancy in many countries; however, challenges such as latency, drug-resistance, and inflammatory pathology have necessitated advancements in curative strategies which go beyond the traditional antimicrobial focus. This review highlights recent advances in host-directed therapies to eradicate intracellular pathogens or augment the endogenous immune response by targeting host cell pathways. The 'kick and kill' strategy for HIV latency, adjunct immunomodulatory compounds for tuberculosis, and pro-apoptotic small-molecule inhibitors in the case of chronic Hepatitis B are promising examples of host-directed therapies that signal a paradigm shift in treatment and management of chronic infectious disease.

中文翻译：

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对抗持久性细胞内病原体的当前和新兴疗法。

HIV，乙型肝炎病毒和结核分枝杆菌等细胞内病原体是导致全球数百万人死亡的原因，是全球健康的主要障碍。在许多国家，当前的治疗选择改善了患者的预后并延长了他们的预期寿命；然而，诸如潜伏期，耐药性和炎性病理学等挑战已要求治愈策略的进步，而这已超出了传统的抗微生物重点。这篇综述着重介绍了针对宿主的疗法以靶向宿主细胞途径来根除细胞内病原体或增强内源性免疫应答的最新进展。HIV潜伏期的“致命一击”策略，结核病的辅助免疫调节化合物，