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Risk bases can complement dose bases for implementing and optimising a radiological protection strategy in urgent and transition emergency phases.
Radiation and Environmental Biophysics ( IF 1.5 ) Pub Date : 2019-07-28 , DOI: 10.1007/s00411-019-00809-x
Linda Walsh 1 , Alexander Ulanowski 2, 3 , Jan Christian Kaiser 2 , Clemens Woda 2 , Wolfgang Raskob 4
Affiliation  

Current radiological emergency response recommendations have been provided by the International Commission on Radiological Protection and adopted by the International Atomic Energy Agency in comprehensive Safety Standards. These standards provide dose-based guidance for decision making (e.g., on sheltering or relocation) via generic criteria in terms of effective dose in the range from 20 mSv per year, during transition from emergency to existing exposure situation, to 100 mSv, acute or annual, in the urgent phase of a nuclear accident. The purpose of this paper was to examine how such dose reference levels directly translate into radiation-related risks of the main stochastic detrimental health effects (cancer). Methodologies, provided by the World Health Organization after the Fukushima accident, for calculating the lifetime and 20 year cancer risks and for attributing relevant organ doses from effective doses, have been applied here for this purpose with new software, designed to be available for use immediately after a nuclear accident. A new feature in this software is a comprehensive accounting for uncertainty via simulation technique, so that the risks may now be presented with realistic confidence intervals. The types of cancer risks considered here are time-integrated over lifetime and the first 20 years after exposure for all solid cancers and either the most radiation-sensitive types of cancer, i.e., leukaemia and female breast cancer, or the most radiation-relevant type of cancer occurring early in life, i.e., thyroid. It is demonstrated here how reference dose levels translate differently into specific cancer risk levels (with varying confidence interval sizes), depending on age at exposure, gender, time-frame at-risk and type of cancer considered. This demonstration applies German population data and considers external exposures. Further work is required to comprehensively extend this methodology to internal exposures that are likely to be important in the early stages of a nuclear accident. A discussion is provided here on the potential for such risk-based information to be used by decision makers, in the urgent and transition phases of nuclear emergencies, to identify protective measures (e.g., sheltering, evacuation) in a differential way (i.e., for particularly susceptible sub-groups of a population).

中文翻译:

风险基础可以补充剂量基础,以在紧急和过渡紧急阶段实施和优化放射防护策略。

当前的放射应急响应建议由国际放射防护委员会提供,并由国际原子能机构在综合安全标准中采用。这些标准通过通用标准为有效剂量范围从每年20 mSv,从紧急情况过渡到现有暴露情况期间,到急性或慢性100 mSv范围内的决策提供基于剂量的指导(例如,在庇护或重新安置时)。每年,在核事故的紧急阶段。本文的目的是研究这种剂量参考水平如何直接转化为主要的随机有害健康影响(癌症)的辐射相关风险。福岛事故后世界卫生组织提供的方法,为了计算生命周期和20年的癌症风险以及将有效剂量归因于相关器官剂量,此处已通过新软件用于此目的,该新软件旨在在核事故后立即使用。该软件的一个新功能是通过仿真技术全面解决不确定性问题,因此现在可以用现实的置信区间来表示风险。此处考虑的癌症风险类型是所有实体癌以及对辐射最敏感的癌症(如白血病和女性乳腺癌)或与辐射最相关的类型,在生命周期内以及暴露后头20年内的时间积分生命早期发生的癌症,即甲状腺。在此证明,参考剂量水平如何根据特定的暴露年龄,性别,危险时限和所考虑的癌症类型,不同地转化为特定的癌症风险水平(置信区间大小不同)。该演示应用了德国人口数据并考虑了外部暴露。需要进一步的工作,以将这种方法全面扩展到内部暴露中,这在核事故的早期阶段可能很重要。此处讨论了在核紧急情况的紧急和过渡阶段决策者可以使用这种基于风险的信息来识别保护性措施(例如,庇护,疏散)的可能性(例如针对特别是易感人群)。取决于暴露的年龄,性别,危险的时限和所考虑的癌症类型。该演示应用了德国人口数据并考虑了外部暴露。需要进一步的工作,以将这种方法全面扩展到内部暴露,这在核事故的早期阶段可能很重要。此处讨论了在核紧急情况的紧急和过渡阶段决策者可以使用这种基于风险的信息来识别保护性措施(例如,庇护,疏散)的可能性(例如针对特别是易感人群)。取决于暴露的年龄,性别,危险的时限和所考虑的癌症类型。该演示应用了德国人口数据并考虑了外部暴露。需要进一步的工作,以将这种方法全面扩展到内部暴露中,这在核事故的早期阶段可能很重要。此处讨论了在核紧急情况的紧急和过渡阶段决策者可以使用这种基于风险的信息来识别保护性措施(例如,庇护,疏散)的可能性(例如针对特别是易感人群)。需要进一步的工作,以将这种方法全面扩展到内部暴露中,这在核事故的早期阶段可能很重要。此处讨论了在核紧急情况的紧急和过渡阶段决策者可以使用这种基于风险的信息来识别保护性措施(例如,庇护,疏散)的可能性(例如针对特别是易感人群)。需要进一步的工作,以将这种方法全面扩展到内部暴露中,这在核事故的早期阶段可能很重要。此处讨论了在核紧急情况的紧急和过渡阶段决策者可以使用这种基于风险的信息来识别保护性措施(例如,庇护,疏散)的可能性(例如针对特别是易感人群)。
更新日期:2019-11-01
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